engAndersson, RobinGebhard, ClaudiaNtini, EvgeniaChierici, MarcoCiani, YariClevers, Hans CDalla, EmilianoDavis, Carrie ADetmar, MichaelDiehl, Alexander DDohi, TaekoDrabløs, FinnEdge, Albert S BArner, ErikEdinger, MatthiasEkwall, KarlEndoh, MitsuhiroEnomoto, HidekiFagiolini, MichelaFairbairn, LynseyFang, HaiFarach-Carson, Mary CFaulkner, Geoffrey JFavorov, Alexander VValen, EivindFisher, Malcolm EFrith, Martin CFujita, RieFukuda, ShiroFurlanello, CesareFuruno, MasaakiFurusawa, Jun-ichiGeijtenbeek, Teunis BGibson, Andrew PGingeras, ThomasLi, KangGoldowitz, DanielGough, JulianGuhl, SvenGuler, RetoGustincich, StefanoHa, Thomas JHamaguchi, MasahideHara, MitsukoHarbers, MatthiasHarshbarger, JaysonSchwarzfischer, LuciaHasegawa, AkiraHasegawa, YukiHashimoto, TakehiroHerlyn, MeenhardHitchens, Kelly JHo Sui, Shannan JHofman, Oliver MHoof, IlkaHori, FumiHuminiecki, LukaszGlatz, DagmarIida, KeiIkawa, TomokatsuJankovic, Boris RJia, HuiJoshi, AnaghaJurman, GiuseppeKaczkowski, BogumilKai, ChiekoKaida, KaoruKaiho, AiRaithel, JohannaKajiyama, KazuhiroKanamori-Katayama, MutsumiKasianov, Artem SKasukawa, TakeyaKatayama, ShintaroKato, SachiKawaguchi, ShujiKawamoto, HiroshiKawamura, Yuki IKawashima, TsugumiLilje, BeritKempfle, Judith SKenna, Tony JKere, JuhaKhachigian, Levon MKitamura, ToshioKlinken, S PeterKnox, Alan JKojima, MikiKojima, SoichiKondo, NaotoRapin, NicolasKoseki, HaruhikoKoyasu, ShigeoKrampitz, SarahKubosaki, AtsutakaKwon, Andrew TLaros, Jeroen F JLee, WeonjuLennartsson, AndreasLi, KangLilje, BeritBagger, Frederik OtzenLipovich, LeonardMackay-Sim, AlanManabe, Ri-ichirohMar, Jessica CMarchand, BenoitMathelier, AnthonyMejhert, NiklasMeynert, AlisonMizuno, Yosukede Lima Morais, David AMiguel-Escalada, IreneJørgensen, MetteMorikawa, HiromasaMorimoto, MitsuruMoro, KazuyoMotakis, EfthymiosMotohashi, HozumiMummery, Christine LMurata, MitsuyoshiNagao-Sato, SayakaNakachi, YutakaNakahara, FumioAndersen, Peter RefsingNakamura, ToshiyukiNakamura, YukioNakazato, Kenichivan Nimwegen, ErikNinomiya, NorikoNishiyori, HiromiNoma, ShoheiNozaki, TadasukeOgishima, SoichiOhkura, NaganariBertin, NicolasOhmiya, HirokoOhno, HiroshiOnshima, MitsuhiroOkada-Hatakeyama, MarikoOkazaki, YasushiOrlando, ValerieOvchinnikov, Dmitry APain, ArnabPassier, RobertPatrikakis, MargaretRackham, OwenPersson, HelenaPiazza, SilvanoPrendergast, James G DRackham, Owen J LRamilowski, Jordan ARashid, MamoonRavasi, TimothyRizzu, PatriziaRoncador, MarcoRoy, SugataBurroughs, A MaxwellRye, Morten BSaijyo, EriSajantila, AnttiSaka, AkikoSakaguchi, ShimonSakai, MizuhoSato, HirokiSatoh, HironoriSavvi, SuzanaSaxena, AlkaBaillie, J KennethSchneider, ClaudioSchultes, Erik ASchultz-Tanzil, Gudula GSchwegmann, AnitaSengstag, ThierrySheng, GuojunShimoji, HisashiShimoni, YishaiShin, Jay WSimon, ChristopheIshizu, YuriSugiyama, DaisukeSugiyama, TakaakiSuzuki, MasanoriSuzuki, NaokoSwoboda, Rolf K't Hoen, Peter A CTagami, MichihiraTakahashi, NaokoTakai, JunTanaka, HiroshiShimizu, YuriTatsukawa, HidekiTatum, ZuotianThompson, MarkToyoda, HirooToyodo, TetsuroValen, Eivindvan de Wetering, Marcvan den Berg, Linda MVerardo, RobertoVijayan, DiptiFuruhata, ErinaVorontsov, Ilya EWasserman, Wyeth WWatanabe, ShokoWells, Christine AWinteringham, Louise NWolvetang, ErnstWood, Emily JYamaguchi, YokoYamamoto, MasayukiYoneda, MisakoMaeda, ShioriYonekura, YoheiYoshida, ShigehiroZabierowski, Susan EZhang, Peter GZhao, XiaobeiZucchelli, SilviaSummers, Kim MSuzuki, HarukazuDaub, Carsten OKawai, JunHoof, IlkaNegishi, YutakaHeutink, PeterHide, WinstonFreeman, Tom CLenhard, BorisBajic, Vladimir BTaylor, Martin SMakeev, Vsevolod JSandelin, AllbinHume, David ACarninci, PieroMungall, Christopher JHayashizaki, YoshihideMeehan, Terrence FLassmann, TimoItoh, MasayoshiKawaji, HideyaKondo, NaotoKawai, JunLennartsson, AndreasDaub, Carsten OBornholdt, JetteHeutink, PeterHume, David AJensen, Torben HeickSuzuki, HarukazuHayashizaki, YoshihideMüller, FerencForrest, Alistair R RCarninci, PieroRehli, MichaelSandelin, AlbinBoyd, MetteForrest, Alistair R RKawaji, HideyaRehli, MichaelBaillie, J Kennethde Hoon, Michiel J LHaberle, VanjaLassmann, TimoKulakovskiy, Ivan VLizio, MarinaItoh, MasayoshiChen, YunAndersson, RobinMungall, Christoher JMeehan, Terrence FSchmeier, SebastianBertin, NicolasJørgensen, MetteDimont, EmmanuelArner, ErikSchmid, ChristianSchaefer, UlfZhao, XiaobeiMedvedeva, Yulia APlessy, CharlesVitezic, MoranaSeverin, JamesSemple, Colin AIshizu, YuriYoung, Robert SFrancescatto, MargheritaAlam, IntikhabAlbanese, DavideSchmidl, ChristianAltschuler, Gabriel MArakawa, TakahiroArcher, John A CArner, PeterBabina, MagdaRennie, SarahBalwierz, Piotr JBeckhouse, Anthony GPradhan-Bhatt, SwatiBlake, Judith ASuzuki, TakahiroBlumenthal, AntjeBodega, BeatriceBonetti, AlessandroBriggs, JamesBrombacher, FrankBurroughs, A MaxwellCalifano, AndreaCannistracti, Carlo VCarbajo, DanielChen, YunAn atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues.info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/500Atlases as TopicCell LineCells, CulturedCluster AnalysisEnhancer Elements, Genetic: geneticsGene Expression Regulation: geneticsGenetic Predisposition to Disease: geneticsHeLa CellsHumansMolecular Sequence AnnotationOrgan SpecificityPolymorphism, Single Nucleotide: geneticsPromoter Regions, Genetic: geneticsRNA, Messenger: biosynthesisRNA, Messenger: geneticsTranscription Initiation SiteTranscription Initiation, GeneticRNA, MessengerEnhancers control the correct temporal and cell-type-specific activation of gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes. Knowing their properties, regulatory activity and targets is crucial to understand the regulation of differentiation and homeostasis. Here we use the FANTOM5 panel of samples, covering the majority of human tissues and cell types, to produce an atlas of active, in vivo-transcribed enhancers. We show that enhancers share properties with CpG-poor messenger RNA promoters but produce bidirectional, exosome-sensitive, relatively short unspliced RNAs, the generation of which is strongly related to enhancer activity. The atlas is used to compare regulatory programs between different cells at unprecedented depth, to identify disease-associated regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms, and to classify cell-type-specific and ubiquitous enhancers. We further explore the utility of enhancer redundancy, which explains gene expression strength rather than expression patterns. The online FANTOM5 enhancer atlas represents a unique resource for studies on cell-type-specific enhancers and gene regulation.Nature <London> 507(7493), 455 - 461 (2014). doi:10.1038/nature12787info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionNature Publ. Group2014info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessDEhttps://pub.dzne.de/record/155338https://pub.dzne.de/search?p=id:%22DZNE-2021-00605%22Researchersinfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/pmid:24670763info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/issn/0028-0836info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/issn/1476-4687info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1038/nature12787