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@ARTICLE{DoblhammerReiter:164806,
      author       = {Doblhammer-Reiter, Gabriele and Vaupel, James W.},
      title        = {{L}ifespan depends on month of birth},
      journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
                      United States of America},
      volume       = {98},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0027-8424},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {National Acad. of Sciences},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2022-01257},
      pages        = {Pages 2934 - 2939},
      year         = {2001},
      abstract     = {Month of birth influences adult life expectancy at ages
                      50+. Why? In two countries of the Northern
                      Hemisphere–Austria and Denmark–people born in autumn
                      (October–December) live longer than those born in spring
                      (April–June). Data for Australia show that, in the
                      Southern Hemisphere, the pattern is shifted by half a year.
                      The lifespan pattern of British immigrants to Australia is
                      similar to that of Austrians and Danes and significantly
                      different from that of Australians. These findings are based
                      on population data with more than a million observations and
                      little or no selectivity. The differences in lifespan are
                      independent of the seasonal distribution of deaths and the
                      social differences in the seasonal distribution of births.
                      In the Northern Hemisphere, the excess mortality in the
                      first year of life of infants born in spring does not
                      support the explanation of selective infant survival.
                      Instead, remaining life expectancy at age 50 appears to
                      depend on factors that arise in utero or early in infancy
                      and that increase susceptibility to diseases later in life.
                      This result is consistent with the finding that, at the turn
                      of the last century, infants born in autumn had higher birth
                      weights than those born in other seasons. Furthermore,
                      differences in adult lifespan by month of birth decrease
                      over time and are significantly smaller in more recent
                      cohorts, which benefited from substantial improvements in
                      maternal and infant health.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      ddc          = {500},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353) / 345 -
                      Population Studies and Genetics (POF3-345)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-345},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1073/pnas.041431898},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/164806},
}