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@ARTICLE{Freire:284093,
      author       = {Freire, R. H. and Fernandes, L. R. and Silva, R. B. and
                      Coelho, B. S. L. and de Araújo, L. P. T. and Secchim
                      Ribeiro, Lucas and Andrade, J. M. O. and Lima, P. M. A. and
                      Araújo, R. S. and Santos, S. H. S. and Coimbra, C. C. and
                      Cardoso, V. N. and Alvarez-Leite, J. I.},
      title        = {{W}heat gluten intake increases weight gain and adiposity
                      associated with reduced thermogenesis and energy expenditure
                      in an animal model of obesity},
      journal      = {International journal of obesity},
      volume       = {40},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {0307-0565},
      address      = {Avenel, NJ},
      publisher    = {Nature Publ. Group},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2026-00101},
      pages        = {479 - 486},
      year         = {2016},
      note         = {ISSN 1476-5497 not unique: **2 hits**.},
      abstract     = {The association between gluten and body weight is
                      inconsistent. Previously, we showed that a gluten-free diet
                      reduces weight gain without changing food intake in mice fed
                      high-fat diets. In the present study, we investigated the
                      effects of gluten intake on fat metabolism, thermogenesis
                      and energy expenditure in mice fed a standard or high-fat
                      diet.Mice were fed four different experimental diets during
                      8 weeks: a control-standard diet (CD), a CD added with
                      $4.5\%$ of wheat gluten (CD-G), a high-fat diet (HFD) and a
                      HFD added with $4.5\%$ of wheat gluten (HFD-G). After 8
                      weeks, the mice received (99m)Tc-radiolabeled gluten orally
                      to study gluten absorption and biodistribution or they
                      underwent indirect calorimetry. After killing, subcutaneous
                      and brown adipose tissues (SAT and BAT) were collected to
                      assess thermogenesis-related protein expression. Lipid
                      metabolism was studied in adipocyte cultures from the four
                      groups.Despite having had the same energy intake, CD-G and
                      HFD-G mice exhibited increased body weight and fat deposits
                      compared with their respective controls. (99m)Tc-GLU or its
                      peptides were detected in the blood, liver and visceral
                      adipose tissue, suggesting that gluten can even reach
                      extraintestinal organs. Uncoupling protein-1 expression was
                      reduced in the BAT of HFD-G and in the SAT of CD-G and HFD-G
                      mice. Indirect calorimetry showed lower oxygen volume
                      consumption in CD-G and HFD-G groups compared with their
                      controls. In HFD mice, daily energy expenditure was reduced
                      with gluten intake. Gluten also reduced adiponectin,
                      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and
                      PPARγ and hormone-sensitive lipase in cultures of isolated
                      adipocytes from HFD mice, whereas in the CD-G group, gluten
                      intake increased interleukin-6 expression and tended to
                      increase that of tumor necrosis factor.Wheat gluten promotes
                      weight gain in animals on both HFD and CD, partly by
                      reducing the thermogenic capacity of adipose tissues.},
      keywords     = {Adipogenesis / Adiposity / Animals / Disease Models, Animal
                      / Energy Intake / Energy Metabolism: physiology / Feeding
                      Behavior / Gene Expression Regulation / Glutens / Lipid
                      Metabolism / Male / Mice / Mice, Inbred C57BL / Obesity:
                      metabolism / Thermogenesis / Weight Gain: physiology /
                      Glutens (NLM Chemicals)},
      ddc          = {610},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF4-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1038/ijo.2015.204},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/284093},
}