TY  - JOUR
AU  - Godin, Adriana M.
AU  - Araújo, Débora P.
AU  - Menezes, Raquel R.
AU  - Brito, Ana Mercy S.
AU  - Melo, Ivo S. F.
AU  - Coura, Giovanna M. E.
AU  - Soares, Darly G.
AU  - Bastos, Leandro F. S.
AU  - Amaral, Flávio A.
AU  - Secchim Ribeiro, Lucas
AU  - Boff, Daiane
AU  - Santos, Julliana R. A.
AU  - Santos, Daniel A.
AU  - Teixeira, Mauro M.
AU  - de Fátima, Ângelo
AU  - Machado, Renes R.
AU  - Coelho, Márcio M.
TI  - Activities of 2-phthalimidethanol and 2-phthalimidethyl nitrate, phthalimide analogs devoid of the glutarimide moiety, in experimental models of inflammatory pain and edema
JO  - Pharmacology, biochemistry and behavior
VL  - 122
SN  - 0091-3057
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
PB  - Elsevier Science
M1  - DZNE-2026-00104
SP  - 291 - 298
PY  - 2014
AB  - The reintroduction of thalidomide in the pharmacotherapy greatly stimulated the interest in the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of phthalimide analogs with new and improved activities and also greater safety. In the present study, we evaluated the activities of two phthalimide analogs devoid of the glutarimide ring, namely 2-phthalimidethanol (PTD-OH) and 2-phthalimidethyl nitrate (PTD-NO), in experimental models of inflammatory pain and edema in male C57BL/6J mice. Intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of carrageenan (300 μg) induced mechanical allodynia and this response was inhibited by previous per os (p.o.) administration of PTD-OH and PTD-NO (750 mg/kg) and also by thalidomide (500 or 750 mg/kg). The edema induced by carrageenan was also inhibited by previous p.o. administration of PTD-OH (500 and 750 mg/kg) and PTD-NO (125, 250, 500 or 750 mg/kg), but not by thalidomide. Carrageenan increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and CXCL1 concentrations and also the number of neutrophils in the paw tissue. Previous p.o. administration of PTD-NO (500 mg/kg) reduced all the parameters, while PTD-OH (500 mg/kg) reduced only the accumulation of neutrophils. Thalidomide, on the other hand, was devoid of effect on these biochemical parameters. Plasma concentrations of nitrite were increased after p.o. administration of the phthalimide analog coupled to a NO donor, PTD-NO (500 mg/kg), but not after administration of PTD-OH or thalidomide. In conclusion, our results show that small molecules, structurally much simpler than thalidomide or many of its analogs under investigation, exhibit similar activities in experimental models of pain and inflammation. Finally, as there is evidence that the glutarimide moiety contributes to the teratogenic effect of many thalidomide analogs, our results indicate that phthalimide analogs devoid of this functional group could represent a new class of analgesic and anti-inflammatory candidates with potential greater safety.
KW  - Animals
KW  - Carrageenan: toxicity
KW  - Disease Models, Animal
KW  - Edema: chemically induced
KW  - Edema: drug therapy
KW  - Edema: metabolism
KW  - Inflammation: drug therapy
KW  - Inflammation: metabolism
KW  - Ketoglutaric Acids: chemistry
KW  - Male
KW  - Mice
KW  - Mice, Inbred C57BL
KW  - Pain: drug therapy
KW  - Pain: metabolism
KW  - Pain Measurement: drug effects
KW  - Pain Measurement: methods
KW  - Phthalimides: chemistry
KW  - Phthalimides: therapeutic use
KW  - 2-Phthalimidethanol (Other)
KW  - 2-Phthalimidethyl nitrate (Other)
KW  - Inflammation (Other)
KW  - Pain (Other)
KW  - Phthalimide analogs (Other)
KW  - Thalidomide (Other)
KW  - Ketoglutaric Acids (NLM Chemicals)
KW  - Phthalimides (NLM Chemicals)
KW  - phthalimide (NLM Chemicals)
KW  - glutaramic acid (NLM Chemicals)
KW  - Carrageenan (NLM Chemicals)
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
DO  - DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2014.04.008
UR  - https://pub.dzne.de/record/284096
ER  -