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@ARTICLE{Ehninger:136271,
      author       = {Ehninger, Dan and Wang, Li-Ping and Klempin, Friederike and
                      Römer, Benedikt and Kettenmann, Helmut and Kempermann,
                      Gerd},
      title        = {{E}nriched environment and physical activity reduce
                      microglia and influence the fate of {NG}2 cells in the
                      amygdala of adult mice.},
      journal      = {Cell $\&$ tissue research},
      volume       = {345},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {0302-766X},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-02593},
      pages        = {69-86},
      year         = {2011},
      abstract     = {Proliferative cells expressing proteoglycan neuron-glia 2
                      (NG2) are considered to represent parenchymal precursor
                      cells in the adult brain and are thought to differentiate
                      primarily into oligodendrocytes. We have studied cell
                      genesis in the adult amygdala and found that, up to 1 year
                      after the labeling of proliferating cells with
                      bromodeoxyuridine, most proliferating NG2 cells remain NG2
                      cells, and only a few slowly differentiate into mature
                      oligodendrocytes, as assessed by the expression of
                      2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. We have
                      detected no signs of neurogenesis but have confirmed the
                      expression of 'neuronal' markers such as Doublecortin in NG2
                      cells. Nestin-expressing NG2 cells in the amygdala show
                      electrophysiological properties known for oligodendrocyte
                      precursor cells in the corpus callosum. Application of the
                      glutamate agonist kainate elicits a 'complex' response
                      consisting of a rapid and long-lasting blockade of the
                      resting K(+) conductance, a transient cationic current, and
                      a transient increase of an outwardly directed K(+)
                      conductance, suggesting the responsiveness of NG2 cells to
                      excitation. Proliferation of NG2 cells increases in response
                      to behavioral stimuli of activity, voluntary wheel running,
                      and environmental enrichment. In addition to reducing the
                      number of newborn microglia, behavioral activity results in
                      a decrease in S100β-expressing newborn NG2 cells in the
                      amygdala. Because S100β expression in NG2 cells ceases with
                      oligodendrocyte maturation, this finding suggests that NG2
                      cells in the amygdala undergo activity-dependent functional
                      alterations, without resulting in a measurable increase in
                      new mature oligodendrocytes over the time period covered by
                      the present study. The adult amygdala thus shows signs of
                      mixed activity-dependent plasticity: reduced numbers of
                      microglia and, presumably, an altered fate of NG2 cells.},
      keywords     = {Aging: physiology / Amygdala: cytology / Animals /
                      Bromodeoxyuridine: metabolism / Cell Count / Cell Line /
                      Cell Lineage / Cell Proliferation / Electrophysiological
                      Phenomena / Environment / Mice / Microglia: cytology /
                      Microglia: metabolism / Motor Activity / Nerve Growth
                      Factors: metabolism / Neurogenesis / Neurons: cytology /
                      Neurons: metabolism / Oligodendroglia: cytology /
                      Oligodendroglia: metabolism / Phenotype / S100 Calcium
                      Binding Protein beta Subunit / S100 Proteins: metabolism /
                      Visual Cortex: cytology / Visual Cortex: metabolism / Nerve
                      Growth Factors (NLM Chemicals) / S100 Calcium Binding
                      Protein beta Subunit (NLM Chemicals) / S100 Proteins (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Bromodeoxyuridine (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Ehninger / AG Kempermann},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1013005 / I:(DE-2719)1710001},
      pnm          = {342 - Disease Mechanisms and Model Systems (POF3-342)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-342},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:21688212},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC3132349},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00441-011-1200-z},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/136271},
}