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@ARTICLE{Gruss:136539,
      author       = {Gruss, Michael and Appenroth, Dorothea and Flubacher, Armin
                      and Enzensperger, Christoph and Bock, Jörg and Fleck,
                      Christian and Gille, Gabriele and Braun, Katharina},
      title        = {9-{M}ethyl-β-carboline-induced cognitive enhancement is
                      associated with elevated hippocampal dopamine levels and
                      dendritic and synaptic proliferation.},
      journal      = {Journal of neurochemistry},
      volume       = {121},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {0022-3042},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-02861},
      pages        = {924-931},
      year         = {2012},
      abstract     = {β-Carbolines (BCs) belong to the heterogenous family of
                      carbolines, which have been found exogenously, that is, in
                      various fruits, meats, tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee,
                      but also endogenously, that is, blood, brain and CSF. These
                      exogenous and endogenous BCs and some of their metabolites
                      can exert neurotoxic effects, however, an unexpected
                      stimulatory effect of 9-methyl-β-carboline (9-me-BC) on
                      dopaminergic neurons in primary mesencephalic cultures was
                      recently discovered. The aim of the present study was to
                      extend our knowledge on the stimulatory effects of 9-me-BC
                      and to test the hypothesis that 9-me-BC may act as a
                      cognitive enhancer. We found that 10 days (but not 5 days)
                      of pharmacological treatment with 9-me-BC (i) improves
                      spatial learning in the radial maze, (ii) elevates dopamine
                      levels in the hippocampal formation, and (iii) results after
                      10 days of treatment in elongated, more complex dendritic
                      trees and higher spine numbers on granule neurons in the
                      dentate gyrus of 9-me-BC-treated rats. Our results
                      demonstrate that beyond its neuroprotective/neurorestorative
                      and anti-inflammatory effects, 9-me-BC acts as a cognitive
                      enhancer in a hippocampus-dependent task, and that the
                      behavioral effects may be associated with a stimulatory
                      impact on hippocampal dopamine levels and dendritic and
                      synaptic proliferation.},
      keywords     = {Animals / Carbolines: pharmacology / Central Nervous System
                      Stimulants: pharmacology / Chromatography, High Pressure
                      Liquid / Cognition: drug effects / Dendrites: drug effects /
                      Dopamine: metabolism / Female / Hippocampus: drug effects /
                      Hippocampus: metabolism / Hippocampus: ultrastructure / Maze
                      Learning: drug effects / Rats / Rats, Wistar / Synapses:
                      drug effects / 9-methyl-beta-carboline (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Carbolines (NLM Chemicals) / Central Nervous System
                      Stimulants (NLM Chemicals) / Dopamine (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Reymann},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1310005},
      pnm          = {342 - Disease Mechanisms and Model Systems (POF3-342)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-342},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:22380576},
      doi          = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07713.x},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/136539},
}