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000136830 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aTodd, Gabrielle$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000136830 245__ $$aIllicit stimulant use is associated with abnormal substantia nigra morphology in humans.
000136830 260__ $$aSan Francisco, California, US$$bPLOS$$c2013
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000136830 520__ $$aUse of illicit stimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and ecstasy is an increasing health problem. Chronic use can cause neurotoxicity in animals and humans but the long-term consequences are not well understood. The aim of the current study was to investigate the long-term effect of stimulant use on the morphology of the human substantia nigra. We hypothesised that history of illicit stimulant use is associated with an abnormally bright and enlarged substantia nigra (termed ‘hyperechogenicity’) when viewed with transcranial sonography. Substantia nigra morphology was assessed in abstinent stimulant users (n = 36; 31±9 yrs) and in two groups of control subjects: non-drug users (n = 29; 24±5 yrs) and cannabis users (n = 12; 25±7 yrs). Substantia nigra morphology was viewed with transcranial sonography and the area of echogenicity at the anatomical site of the substantia nigra was measured at its greatest extent. The area of substantia nigra echogenicity was significantly larger in the stimulant group (0.273±0.078 cm2) than in the control (0.201±0.054 cm2; P<0.001) and cannabis (0.202±0.045 cm2; P<0.007) groups. 53% of stimulant users exhibited echogenicity that exceeded the 90th percentile for the control group. The results of the current study suggest that individuals with a history of illicit stimulant use exhibit abnormal substantia nigra morphology. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity is a strong risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease later in life and further research is required to determine if the observed abnormality in stimulant users is associated with a functional deficit of the nigro-striatal system.
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000136830 650_7 $$2NLM Chemicals$$aCentral Nervous System Stimulants
000136830 650_7 $$044RAL3456C$$2NLM Chemicals$$aMethamphetamine
000136830 650_7 $$0I5Y540LHVR$$2NLM Chemicals$$aCocaine
000136830 650_7 $$0KE1SEN21RM$$2NLM Chemicals$$aN-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aAdolescent
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aAdult
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCentral Nervous System Stimulants: poisoning
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCocaine: poisoning
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aDrug Users
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHumans
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMethamphetamine: poisoning
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMiddle Aged
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aN-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: poisoning
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aReproducibility of Results
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSubstantia Nigra: diagnostic imaging
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSubstantia Nigra: drug effects
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSurveys and Questionnaires
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aUltrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial: methods
000136830 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aYoung Adult
000136830 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aNoyes, Carolyn$$b1
000136830 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFlavel, Stanley C$$b2
000136830 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDella Vedova, Chris B$$b3
000136830 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSpyropoulos, Peter$$b4
000136830 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aChatterton, Barry$$b5
000136830 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)2000059$$aBerg, Daniela$$b6$$udzne
000136830 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWhite, Jason M$$b7
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