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@ARTICLE{Eckstein:138369,
      author       = {Eckstein, Monika and Scheele, Dirk and Patin, Alexandra and
                      Preckel, Katrin and Becker, Benjamin and Walter, Annika and
                      Domschke, Katharina and Grinevich, Valery and Maier,
                      Wolfgang and Hurlemann, René},
      title        = {{O}xytocin {F}acilitates {P}avlovian {F}ear {L}earning in
                      {M}ales.},
      journal      = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
      volume       = {41},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0893-133X},
      address      = {Basingstoke},
      publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group71819},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-04691},
      pages        = {932-939},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {In human evolution, social group living and Pavlovian fear
                      conditioning have evolved as adaptive mechanisms promoting
                      survival and reproductive success. The evolutionarily
                      conserved hypothalamic peptide oxytocin is a key modulator
                      of human sociality, but its effects on fear conditioning are
                      still elusive. In the present randomized controlled study
                      involving 97 healthy male subjects, we therefore employed
                      functional magnetic resonance imaging and simultaneous skin
                      conductance response (SCR) measures to characterize the
                      modulatory influence of intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) on
                      Pavlovian fear conditioning. We found that the peptide
                      strengthened conditioning on both the behavioral and neural
                      levels. Specifically, subjects exhibited faster task-related
                      responses and enhanced SCRs to fear-associated stimuli in
                      the late phase of conditioning, which was paralleled by
                      heightened activity in cingulate cortex subregions in the
                      absence of changes in amygdala function. This speaks against
                      amygdalocentric views of oxytocin having pure
                      anxiolytic-like effects. Instead, it suggests that the
                      peptide enables extremely rapid and flexible adaptation to
                      fear signals in social contexts, which may confer clear
                      evolutionary advantages but could also elevate vulnerability
                      for the pathological sequelae of interpersonal trauma.},
      keywords     = {Administration, Intranasal / Adult / Brain Mapping /
                      Conditioning, Classical: drug effects / Conditioning,
                      Classical: physiology / Double-Blind Method / Fear: drug
                      effects / Fear: physiology / Galvanic Skin Response / Gyrus
                      Cinguli: drug effects / Gyrus Cinguli: physiology / Humans /
                      Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Male / Oxytocin: administration
                      $\&$ dosage / Oxytocin: physiology / Young Adult / Oxytocin
                      (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {U Clinical Researchers - Bonn},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)7000001},
      pnm          = {344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:26272050},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC4748433},
      doi          = {10.1038/npp.2015.245},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/138369},
}