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@ARTICLE{Maa:138523,
      author       = {Maaß, Anne and Düzel, Sandra and Brigadski, Tanja and
                      Görke, Monique and Becke, Andreas and Sobieray, Uwe and
                      Neumann, Katja and Lövdén, Martin and Lindenberger, Ulman
                      and Bäckman, Lars and Braun-Dullaeus, Rüdiger and Ahrens,
                      Dörte and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Müller, Notger G and
                      Lessmann, Volkmar and Sendtner, Michael and Düzel, Emrah},
      title        = {{R}elationships of peripheral {IGF}-1, {VEGF} and {BDNF}
                      levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal
                      perfusion and volumes in older adults.},
      journal      = {NeuroImage},
      volume       = {131},
      issn         = {1053-8119},
      address      = {Orlando, Fla.},
      publisher    = {Academic Press},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-04845},
      pages        = {142-154},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Animal models point towards a key role of brain-derived
                      neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-I
                      (IGF-I) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in
                      mediating exercise-induced structural and functional changes
                      in the hippocampus. Recently, also platelet derived growth
                      factor-C (PDGF-C) has been shown to promote blood vessel
                      growth and neuronal survival. Moreover, reductions of these
                      neurotrophic and angiogenic factors in old age have been
                      related to hippocampal atrophy, decreased vascularization
                      and cognitive decline. In a 3-month aerobic exercise study,
                      forty healthy older humans (60 to 77years) were
                      pseudo-randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise group
                      (indoor treadmill, n=21) or to a control group (indoor
                      progressive-muscle relaxation/stretching, n=19). As reported
                      recently, we found evidence for fitness-related perfusion
                      changes of the aged human hippocampus that were closely
                      linked to changes in episodic memory function. Here, we test
                      whether peripheral levels of BDNF, IGF-I, VEGF or PDGF-C are
                      related to changes in hippocampal blood flow, volume and
                      memory performance. Growth factor levels were not
                      significantly affected by exercise, and their changes were
                      not related to changes in fitness or perfusion. However,
                      changes in IGF-I levels were positively correlated with
                      hippocampal volume changes (derived by manual volumetry and
                      voxel-based morphometry) and late verbal recall performance,
                      a relationship that seemed to be independent of fitness,
                      perfusion or their changes over time. These preliminary
                      findings link IGF-I levels to hippocampal volume changes and
                      putatively hippocampus-dependent memory changes that seem to
                      occur over time independently of exercise. We discuss
                      methodological shortcomings of our study and potential
                      differences in the temporal dynamics of how IGF-1, VEGF and
                      BDNF may be affected by exercise and to what extent these
                      differences may have led to the negative findings reported
                      here.},
      keywords     = {Aged / Aging: physiology / Blood Flow Velocity: physiology
                      / Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: blood / Cerebrovascular
                      Circulation: physiology / Exercise: physiology / Female /
                      Hippocampus: physiology / Humans / Insulin-Like Growth
                      Factor I: metabolism / Male / Memory: physiology / Middle
                      Aged / Neuronal Plasticity: physiology / Organ Size:
                      physiology / Physical Conditioning, Human: methods /
                      Physical Fitness: physiology / Vascular Endothelial Growth
                      Factor A: blood / Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (NLM Chemicals) /
                      BDNF protein, human (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Düzel / AG Müller / Core Technical Staff / AG Speck /
                      U Clinical Researchers - Magdeburg},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000006 / I:(DE-2719)1310003 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1340007 / I:(DE-2719)1340009 /
                      I:(DE-2719)7000000},
      pnm          = {344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:26545456},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.084},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/138523},
}