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@ARTICLE{Shine:138643,
      author       = {Shine, Jonathan P and Valdes Herrera, Jose Pedro and
                      Hegarty, Mary and Wolbers, Thomas},
      title        = {{T}he {H}uman {R}etrosplenial {C}ortex and {T}halamus
                      {C}ode {H}ead {D}irection in a {G}lobal {R}eference
                      {F}rame.},
      journal      = {The journal of neuroscience},
      volume       = {36},
      number       = {24},
      issn         = {0270-6474},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Soc.57413},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-04965},
      pages        = {6371-6381},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Spatial navigation is a multisensory process involving
                      integration of visual and body-based cues. In rodents, head
                      direction (HD) cells, which are most abundant in the
                      thalamus, integrate these cues to code facing direction.
                      Human fMRI studies examining HD coding in virtual
                      environments (VE) have reported effects in retrosplenial
                      complex and (pre-)subiculum, but not the thalamus.
                      Furthermore, HD coding appeared insensitive to global
                      landmarks. These tasks, however, provided only visual cues
                      for orientation, and attending to global landmarks did not
                      benefit task performance. In the present study, participants
                      explored a VE comprising four separate locales, surrounded
                      by four global landmarks. To provide body-based cues,
                      participants wore a head-mounted display so that physical
                      rotations changed facing direction in the VE. During
                      subsequent MRI scanning, subjects saw stationary views of
                      the environment and judged whether their orientation was the
                      same as in the preceding trial. Parameter estimates
                      extracted from retrosplenial cortex and the thalamus
                      revealed significantly reduced BOLD responses when HD was
                      repeated. Moreover, consistent with rodent findings, the
                      signal did not continue to adapt over repetitions of the
                      same HD. These results were supported by a whole-brain
                      analysis showing additional repetition suppression in the
                      precuneus. Together, our findings suggest that: (1)
                      consistent with the rodent literature, the human thalamus
                      may integrate visual and body-based, orientation cues; (2)
                      global reference frame cues can be used to integrate HD
                      across separate individual locales; and (3) immersive
                      training procedures providing full body-based cues may help
                      to elucidate the neural mechanisms supporting spatial
                      navigation.In rodents, head direction (HD) cells signal
                      facing direction in the environment via increased firing
                      when the animal assumes a certain orientation. Distinct
                      brain regions, the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and thalamus,
                      code for visual and vestibular cues of orientation,
                      respectively. Putative HD signals have been observed in
                      human RSC but not the thalamus, potentially because
                      body-based cues were not provided. Here, participants
                      encoded HD in a novel virtual environment while wearing a
                      head-mounted display to provide body-based cues for
                      orientation. In subsequent fMRI scanning, we found evidence
                      of an HD signal in RSC, thalamus, and precuneus. These
                      findings harmonize rodent and human data, and suggest that
                      immersive training procedures provide a viable way to
                      examine the neural basis of navigation.},
      keywords     = {Adult / Analysis of Variance / Cerebral Cortex: diagnostic
                      imaging / Cerebral Cortex: physiology / Cues / Female / Head
                      Movements: physiology / Humans / Image Processing,
                      Computer-Assisted / Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Male /
                      Orientation: physiology / Oxygen: blood / Photic Stimulation
                      / Reaction Time / Spatial Navigation: physiology / Thalamus:
                      diagnostic imaging / Thalamus: physiology / User-Computer
                      Interface / Young Adult / Oxygen (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Wolbers},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1310002},
      pnm          = {344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:27307227},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC5321500},
      doi          = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1268-15.2016},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/138643},
}