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@ARTICLE{Betts:139702,
      author       = {Betts, Matthew J and Cardenas-Blanco, Arturo and Kanowski,
                      Martin and Jessen, Frank and Düzel, Emrah},
      title        = {{I}n vivo {MRI} assessment of the human locus coeruleus
                      along its rostrocaudal extent in young and older adults.},
      journal      = {NeuroImage},
      volume       = {163},
      issn         = {1053-8119},
      address      = {Orlando, Fla.},
      publisher    = {Academic Press},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-06024},
      pages        = {150-159},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The locus coeruleus (LC), a major origin of noradrenergic
                      projections in the central nervous system (CNS), may serve a
                      critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative
                      disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's
                      disease (PD). As such, there is considerable interest to
                      develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to
                      assess the integrity of the LC in vivo. The high
                      neuromelanin content of the LC serves as an endogenous
                      contrast for MRI but existing protocols suffer from low
                      spatial resolution along the rostrocaudal axis of the LC
                      rendering it difficult to differentiate its integrity in
                      caudal and rostral portions. This study presents a novel
                      approach to investigate the human LC in vivo using
                      T1-weighted Fast Low Angle Shot (FLASH) MRI at 3 T (T).
                      Using high-resolution isotropic imaging to minimise the
                      effect of low spatial resolution in the slice direction,
                      this study aimed to characterise the rostrocaudal
                      distribution of LC signal intensity attributed to
                      neuromelanin from 25 young (22-30) and 57 older (61-80)
                      adults. We found a significant age-related increase in
                      maximum but not median signal intensity, indicating
                      age-related differences were not homogenous. Instead, they
                      were confined to the rostral third of the LC with relative
                      sparing of the caudal portion. The findings presented
                      demonstrate in vivo T1-weighted FLASH imaging may be used to
                      characterise signal intensity changes across the entire
                      rostrocaudal length of the LC (a corresponding standardised
                      LC map is available for download), which may help to
                      identify how the human LC is differentially affected in
                      aging and neurodegenerative disease.},
      keywords     = {Adult / Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Aging: pathology / Brain
                      Mapping: methods / Female / Humans / Locus Coeruleus:
                      diagnostic imaging / Locus Coeruleus: pathology / Magnetic
                      Resonance Imaging: methods / Male / Middle Aged / Young
                      Adult},
      cin          = {AG Speck / AG Düzel / AG Jessen / Delcode},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1340009 / I:(DE-2719)5000006 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1011102 / I:(DE-2719)5000034},
      pnm          = {344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-2719)DELCODE-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:28943414},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.042},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/139702},
}