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@ARTICLE{Kaut:140551,
      author       = {Kaut, Oliver and Kuchelmeister, Klaus and Möhl, Christoph
                      and Wüllner, Ullrich},
      title        = {5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in brains of
                      patients with multiple system atrophy and patients with
                      {P}arkinson's disease.},
      journal      = {Journal of chemical neuroanatomy},
      volume       = {96},
      issn         = {0891-0618},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-06873},
      pages        = {41-48},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic
                      neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology,
                      characterized pathologically by α-synuclein aggregates
                      preferentially found in oligodendroglial cells. DNA
                      methylation has emerged as a mechanism of regulation of
                      α-synuclein expression. Reduced 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) DNA
                      methylation of α-synuclein has been found in the brains of
                      patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).
                      5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) methylation is another
                      epigenetic modification of DNA. It is involved in the
                      de-methylation of DNA, gene regulation, and DNA repair
                      mechanisms. Here, we examined sections of human
                      paraffin-embedded brain tissue from the cerebellum and brain
                      stem, including the substantia nigra pars compacta, of
                      patients with PD (n = 8) and MSA (n = 8) as well as
                      age-matched controls (n = 8). The neocortical tissue of
                      PD patients (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) was also
                      examined. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the
                      expression of 5-mC and 5-hmC with an automatic,
                      rater-independent semi-quantification method. We found a
                      significant upregulation of 5-mC, but not 5-hmC, in cortical
                      sections from PD patients. The brain stem and substantia
                      nigra, and in particular the dopaminergic neurons, showed
                      unchanged levels of both 5-mC- and 5-hmC-immunoreactivity in
                      all groups. In the cerebellum, 5-mC was significantly
                      decreased only in MSA patients in the granule cell layer; in
                      contrast, 5-hmC was significantly upregulated in the
                      cerebellar white matter of both PD and MSA patients. Our
                      study showed different levels of expression of total 5-mC
                      and 5-hmC methylation across different brain regions in PD
                      and for the first time in MSA. Our results indicate that
                      5-mC may be relevant in MSA. The underlying mechanism of the
                      differential 5-mC and 5-hmC expression remains unclear.},
      keywords     = {5-Methylcytosine: analogs $\&$ derivatives /
                      5-Methylcytosine: analysis / 5-Methylcytosine: metabolism /
                      Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Brain: metabolism / Female /
                      Humans / Male / Middle Aged / Multiple System Atrophy:
                      metabolism / Parkinson Disease: metabolism},
      cin          = {AG Wüllner / IDAF},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1011302 / I:(DE-2719)1040200},
      pnm          = {344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-2719)IDAF-20190308},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:30557654},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.12.005},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/140551},
}