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@ARTICLE{Grigoriev:144984,
      author       = {Grigoriev, Olga and Doblhammer-Reiter, Gabriele},
      title        = {{C}hanging educational gradient in long-term care-free life
                      expectancy among {G}erman men, 1997-2012.},
      journal      = {PLOS ONE},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {San Francisco, California, US},
      publisher    = {PLOS},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-00348},
      pages        = {e0222842},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The inverse association between mortality and individual
                      socioeconomic status is well-documented. Due to the lack of
                      appropriate data, little is known about the nature of this
                      association among individuals with long-term care (LTC)
                      needs.We aim to fill in this knowledge gap by estimating
                      life expectancy (LE), life expectancy without (CFLE) and
                      with (CLE) long-term care by education for older German men;
                      and by assessing the trends in the education-LE/CFLE/CLE
                      gradient over time.We apply survival analysis and Gompertz
                      regression to German Socioeconomic Panel data (1997-2012) to
                      estimate the mortality levels and to construct the life
                      tables for three educational categories. Using the
                      administrative data from the health insurance, we adjust
                      mortality rates upward to account for the institutionalized
                      population. We estimate age-specific LTC prevalence from the
                      German Microcensus data (2004, 2012) and compute life
                      expectancy with and without LTC by employing Sullivan's
                      method. Slope and Relative Indices of Inequality are
                      computed to evaluate the magnitude of educational
                      inequalities in CFLE.There is a clear and growing
                      educational gradient in LE and CFLE among older men in
                      Germany. In 2004, LE at age 65 among men with low education
                      was 14.2 years, or 3.3 years lower than among highly
                      educated individuals. The CFLE of these two educational
                      categories ranged from 13.6 to almost 17 years. The gradient
                      increased over time and in 2012 the difference constituted
                      4.6 years. The gaps between educational groups were not
                      pronounced for CLE. The declining health ratio of years
                      without LTC to remaining LE suggests the expansion of LTC
                      needs, irrespective of the educational level.Growing
                      inequalities by educational status among older German men
                      with care needs demand the attention of policy-makers.
                      Prompt actions are needed to increase the survival chances
                      of the most vulnerable groups.},
      keywords     = {Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Cohort Studies / Educational
                      Status / Germany / Health Services Needs and Demand:
                      statistics $\&$ numerical data / Humans / Life Expectancy:
                      trends / Life Tables / Long-Term Care: statistics $\&$
                      numerical data / Male / Socioeconomic Factors / Survival
                      Analysis},
      cin          = {AG Doblhammer-Reiter},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1012002},
      pnm          = {345 - Population Studies and Genetics (POF3-345)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-345},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:31537015},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC6752958},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0222842},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/144984},
}