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@ARTICLE{Billette:151587,
      author       = {Billette, Ornella V. and Preiß, Daniel and Nestor, Peter
                      J.},
      title        = {{T}he concept of regularization: {R}esolving the problem of
                      surface dyslexia in semantic variant primary progressive
                      aphasia across different languages.},
      journal      = {Neuropsychology},
      volume       = {34},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1931-1559},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Assoc.},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-01171},
      pages        = {298-307},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Surface dyslexia, a diagnostic feature of the semantic
                      variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), is difficult
                      to observe in many languages. It can be conceptualized as
                      one manifestation of a more general “regularization”
                      effect—that is, with semantic impairment, patients fail to
                      recognize exceptions and revert to default rules. Objective:
                      We predicted that, analogous to surface dyslexia in English,
                      German patients with svPPA would regularize irregular verbs,
                      especially those of lower frequency and in the less
                      frequently used preterite tense. Method: Regularization was
                      investigated in German through past-tense verb inflectional
                      morphology in N = 10 svPPA, N = 5 PPA related to Alzheimer
                      pathology (Aß+PPA), N = 5 patients with nonfluent variant
                      PPA (nfvPPA), N = 12 typical (amnestic presentation)
                      Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and N = 32 healthy controls. The
                      task involved perfect- and preterite-tense inflection of
                      regular and irregular verbs of high and low frequency.
                      Results: Errors in svPPA particularly involved
                      regularization (e.g., I swim → I swimmed, I have swimmed),
                      whereas Aß+PPA made a wide range of other errors (e.g.,
                      verb agreement or tense errors). Regularization was rare in
                      AD and controls, whereas the expected frequency effects (low
                      worse than high) were found in svPPA. nfvPPA had profound
                      difficulties in inflecting verbs in general. Conclusion: The
                      study illustrates how tests tailored to a specific language
                      can reveal the regularization effect of svPPA. For more
                      universal diagnostic recommendations, future revisions for
                      svPPA should consider substituting the criterion of surface
                      dyslexia for that of a general criterion of regularization
                      of language rules, the former being an example of the
                      latter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights
                      reserved).},
      keywords     = {Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Alzheimer Disease: pathology /
                      Alzheimer Disease: psychology / Aphasia, Primary
                      Progressive: psychology / Aphasia, Primary Progressive:
                      therapy / Dyslexia: psychology / Dyslexia: therapy / Female
                      / Humans / Language / Male / Middle Aged / Psychomotor
                      Performance / Semantics},
      cin          = {Clinical Study Center Ulm / AG Nestor},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000077 / I:(DE-2719)1310001},
      pnm          = {344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:31868373},
      doi          = {10.1037/neu0000611},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/151587},
}