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@ARTICLE{Undorf:151592,
      author       = {Undorf, Monika and Amaefule, Chimezie Obioma and Kamp,
                      Siri-Maria},
      title        = {{T}he neurocognitive basis of metamemory: {U}sing the
                      {N}400 to study the contribution of fluency to judgments of
                      learning},
      journal      = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
      volume       = {169},
      issn         = {1074-7427},
      address      = {Orlando, Fla.},
      publisher    = {Academic Press},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2020-01176},
      pages        = {107176},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Metamemory is crucial for monitoring, evaluating, and
                      optimizing memory performance. The basis of metamemory,
                      however, is a matter of considerable debate. In the present
                      study, we examined the contribution of processing
                      fluency—the ease of processing information during
                      learning—to metamemory judgments. We recorded
                      event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants studied
                      related and unrelated word pairs across two study-test
                      cycles in a judgment of learning (JOL) task. In the first
                      study-test cycle, related pairs were associated with better
                      cued recall, higher JOLs, and a reduced N400 amplitude than
                      unrelated pairs. Crucially, between- and within subject
                      correlational analyses indicated that reduced N400
                      amplitudes, indexing more fluent processing, were associated
                      with higher JOLs. Furthermore, single-trial N400 mediated a
                      small but significant portion of the relatedness effect on
                      JOLs. In the second study-test cycle, relatedness still
                      increased recall and JOLs. However, related and unrelated
                      pairs did not differ in N400 amplitude. Rather, unrelated
                      pairs elicited a parietal positivity in a later time window
                      that partially mediated the relatedness effect on JOLs.
                      Together, these results suggest that processing fluency,
                      indexed by the N400, contributes to the relatedness effect
                      on JOLs when novel word pairs are learned, but not when
                      previously studied pairs are relearned. Our results also
                      imply that aspects of fluency not captured by the N400
                      and/or explicit beliefs about memory contribute to JOLs.
                      This study demonstrates the utility of ERPs in gaining new
                      insights into the neurocognitive mechanisms of metamemory.},
      keywords     = {Adult / Brain: physiology / Cues / Electroencephalography /
                      Evoked Potentials / Female / Humans / Judgment: physiology /
                      Learning: physiology / Male / Mental Recall: physiology /
                      Metacognition: physiology / Semantics / Young Adult},
      cin          = {Clinical Dementia Research Rostock /Greifswald ; AG Teipel},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1510100},
      pnm          = {344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32001337},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107176},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/151592},
}