000154039 001__ 154039 000154039 005__ 20240305141210.0 000154039 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1126/science.aay6690 000154039 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a0036-8075 000154039 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1095-9203 000154039 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1947-8062 000154039 0247_ $$2altmetric$$aaltmetric:77887028 000154039 0247_ $$2pmid$$apmid:32193296 000154039 037__ $$aDZNE-2021-00021 000154039 082__ $$a320 000154039 1001_ $$00000-0001-8539-0228$$aGrasby, Katrina L.$$b0 000154039 245__ $$aThe genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex 000154039 260__ $$aWashington, DC$$bAssoc.73085$$c2020 000154039 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000154039 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000154039 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1709644299_29112 000154039 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000154039 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000154039 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000154039 520__ $$aINTRODUCTIONThe cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities. Variations in human cortical surface area and thickness are associated with neurological, psychological, and behavioral traits and can be measured in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Studies in model organisms have identified genes that influence cortical structure, but little is known about common genetic variants that affect human cortical structure.RATIONALETo identify genetic variants associated with human cortical structure at both global and regional levels, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain MRI data from 51,665 individuals across 60 cohorts. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 cortical regions with known functional specializations.RESULTSWe identified 306 nominally genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10−8) associated with cortical structure in a discovery sample of 33,992 participants of European ancestry. Of the 299 loci for which replication data were available, 241 loci influencing surface area and 14 influencing thickness remained significant after replication, with 199 loci passing multiple testing correction (P < 8.3 × 10−10; 187 influencing surface area and 12 influencing thickness).Common genetic variants explained 34% (SE = 3%) of the variation in total surface area and 26% (SE = 2%) in average thickness; surface area and thickness showed a negative genetic correlation (rG = −0.32, SE = 0.05, P = 6.5 × 10−12), which suggests that genetic influences have opposing effects on surface area and thickness. Bioinformatic analyses showed that total surface area is influenced by genetic variants that alter gene regulatory activity in neural progenitor cells during fetal development. By contrast, average thickness is influenced by active regulatory elements in adult brain samples, which may reflect processes that occur after mid-fetal development, such as myelination, branching, or pruning. When considered together, these results support the radial unit hypothesis that different developmental mechanisms promote surface area expansion and increases in thickness.To identify specific genetic influences on individual cortical regions, we controlled for global measures (total surface area or average thickness) in the regional analyses. After multiple testing correction, we identified 175 loci that influence regional surface area and 10 that influence regional thickness. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, which is known to influence areal identity.We observed significant positive genetic correlations and evidence of bidirectional causation of total surface area with both general cognitive functioning and educational attainment. We found additional positive genetic correlations between total surface area and Parkinson’s disease but did not find evidence of causation. Negative genetic correlations were evident between total surface area and insomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, and neuroticism.CONCLUSIONThis large-scale collaborative work enhances our understanding of the genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex and its regional patterning. The highly polygenic architecture of the cortex suggests that distinct genes are involved in the development of specific cortical areas. Moreover, we find evidence that brain structure is a key phenotype along the causal pathway that leads from genetic variation to differences in general cognitive function. 000154039 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF3-344$$a344 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF3-344)$$cPOF3-344$$fPOF III$$x0 000154039 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef 000154039 7001_ $$00000-0003-4401-8950$$aJahanshad, Neda$$b1 000154039 7001_ $$aNeuroimaging, Mary Stevens$$b2 000154039 7001_ $$00000-0002-4992-2458$$aPainter, Jodie N.$$b3 000154039 7001_ $$00000-0002-9004-364X$$aColodro-Conde, Lucía$$b4 000154039 7001_ $$00000-0003-1440-8675$$aBralten, Janita$$b5 000154039 7001_ $$aHibar, Derrek P.$$b6 000154039 7001_ $$aNeuroimaging, Mary Stevens$$b7 000154039 7001_ $$00000-0002-3887-2598$$aLind, Penelope A.$$b8 000154039 7001_ $$aPizzagalli, Fabrizio$$b9 000154039 7001_ $$aNeuroimaging, Mary Stevens$$b10 000154039 7001_ $$aChing, Christopher R. 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