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000154585 041__ $$aEnglish
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000154585 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDaubner, Johanna$$b0
000154585 245__ $$aPharmacological Neuroenhancement: Current Aspects of Categorization, Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Drug Development, Ethics, and Future Perspectives.
000154585 260__ $$aNew York, NY$$bHindawi$$c2021
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000154585 520__ $$aRecent pharmacoepidemiologic studies suggest that pharmacological neuroenhancement (pNE) and mood enhancement are globally expanding phenomena with distinctly different regional characteristics. Sociocultural and regulatory aspects, as well as health policies, play a central role in addition to medical care and prescription practices. The users mainly display self-involved motivations related to cognitive enhancement, emotional stability, and adaptivity. Natural stimulants, as well as drugs, represent substance abuse groups. The latter comprise purines, methylxanthines, phenylethylamines, modafinil, nootropics, antidepressants but also benzodiazepines, β-adrenoceptor antagonists, and cannabis. Predominant pharmacodynamic target structures of these substances are the noradrenergic/dopaminergic and cholinergic receptor/transporter systems. Further targets comprise adenosine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors. Meta-analyses of randomized-controlled studies in healthy individuals show no or very limited verifiability of positive effects of pNE on attention, vigilance, learning, and memory. Only some members of the substance abuse groups, i.e., phenylethylamines and modafinil, display positive effects on attention and vigilance that are comparable to caffeinated drinks. However, the development of new antidementia drugs will increase the availability and the potential abuse of pNE. Social education, restrictive regulatory measures, and consistent medical prescription practices are essential to restrict the phenomenon of neuroenhancement with its social, medical, and ethical implications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the highly dynamic field of pharmacological neuroenhancement and elaborates the dramatic challenges for the medical, sociocultural, and ethical fundaments of society.
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000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aAffect: drug effects
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aAffect: physiology
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCentral Nervous System Stimulants: chemical synthesis
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCentral Nervous System Stimulants: classification
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCentral Nervous System Stimulants: pharmacology
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aDrug Development: methods
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aDrug Development: trends
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aEthics
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aForecasting
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHumans
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMotivation: drug effects
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMotivation: physiology
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aNootropic Agents: chemical synthesis
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aNootropic Agents: classification
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aNootropic Agents: pharmacology
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aPharmacoepidemiology: methods
000154585 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aPharmacoepidemiology: trends
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aArshaad, Muhammad Imran$$b1
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHenseler, Christina$$b2
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHescheler, Jürgen$$b3
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)2289209$$aEhninger, Dan$$b4
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBroich, Karl$$b5
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRawashdeh, Oliver$$b6
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPapazoglou, Anna$$b7
000154585 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWeiergräber, Marco$$b8
000154585 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2236872-3$$a10.1155/2021/8823383$$gVol. 2021, p. 1 - 27$$p1 - 27$$tNeural plasticity$$v2021$$x1687-5443$$y2021
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