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@ARTICLE{Daubner:154585,
      author       = {Daubner, Johanna and Arshaad, Muhammad Imran and Henseler,
                      Christina and Hescheler, Jürgen and Ehninger, Dan and
                      Broich, Karl and Rawashdeh, Oliver and Papazoglou, Anna and
                      Weiergräber, Marco},
      title        = {{P}harmacological {N}euroenhancement: {C}urrent {A}spects
                      of {C}ategorization, {E}pidemiology, {P}harmacology, {D}rug
                      {D}evelopment, {E}thics, and {F}uture {P}erspectives.},
      journal      = {Neural plasticity},
      volume       = {2021},
      issn         = {1687-5443},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Hindawi},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2021-00263},
      pages        = {1 - 27},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Recent pharmacoepidemiologic studies suggest that
                      pharmacological neuroenhancement (pNE) and mood enhancement
                      are globally expanding phenomena with distinctly different
                      regional characteristics. Sociocultural and regulatory
                      aspects, as well as health policies, play a central role in
                      addition to medical care and prescription practices. The
                      users mainly display self-involved motivations related to
                      cognitive enhancement, emotional stability, and adaptivity.
                      Natural stimulants, as well as drugs, represent substance
                      abuse groups. The latter comprise purines, methylxanthines,
                      phenylethylamines, modafinil, nootropics, antidepressants
                      but also benzodiazepines, β-adrenoceptor antagonists, and
                      cannabis. Predominant pharmacodynamic target structures of
                      these substances are the noradrenergic/dopaminergic and
                      cholinergic receptor/transporter systems. Further targets
                      comprise adenosine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors.
                      Meta-analyses of randomized-controlled studies in healthy
                      individuals show no or very limited verifiability of
                      positive effects of pNE on attention, vigilance, learning,
                      and memory. Only some members of the substance abuse groups,
                      i.e., phenylethylamines and modafinil, display positive
                      effects on attention and vigilance that are comparable to
                      caffeinated drinks. However, the development of new
                      antidementia drugs will increase the availability and the
                      potential abuse of pNE. Social education, restrictive
                      regulatory measures, and consistent medical prescription
                      practices are essential to restrict the phenomenon of
                      neuroenhancement with its social, medical, and ethical
                      implications. This review provides a comprehensive overview
                      of the highly dynamic field of pharmacological
                      neuroenhancement and elaborates the dramatic challenges for
                      the medical, sociocultural, and ethical fundaments of
                      society.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {Affect: drug effects / Affect: physiology / Central Nervous
                      System Stimulants: chemical synthesis / Central Nervous
                      System Stimulants: classification / Central Nervous System
                      Stimulants: pharmacology / Drug Development: methods / Drug
                      Development: trends / Ethics / Forecasting / Humans /
                      Motivation: drug effects / Motivation: physiology /
                      Nootropic Agents: chemical synthesis / Nootropic Agents:
                      classification / Nootropic Agents: pharmacology /
                      Pharmacoepidemiology: methods / Pharmacoepidemiology:
                      trends},
      cin          = {AG Ehninger},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1013005},
      pnm          = {352 - Disease Mechanisms (POF4-352)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-352},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33519929},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC7817276},
      doi          = {10.1155/2021/8823383},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/154585},
}