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@ARTICLE{Schmidt:155574,
      author       = {Schmidt, Nele and Tödt, Inken and Berg, Daniela and
                      Schlenstedt, Christian and Folkerts, Ann-Kristin and Ophey,
                      Anja and Dimenshteyn, Karina and Elben, Saskia and Wojtecki,
                      Lars and Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga and Schulte, Claudia and
                      Sulzer, Patricia and Eggers, Carsten and Kalbe, Elke and
                      Witt, Karsten},
      title        = {{M}emory enhancement by multidomain group cognitive
                      training in patients with {P}arkinson's disease and mild
                      cognitive impairment: long-term effects of a multicenter
                      randomized controlled trial.},
      journal      = {Journal of neurology},
      volume       = {268},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {0340-5354},
      address      = {Berlin},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2021-00752},
      pages        = {4655-4666},
      year         = {2021},
      note         = {ISSN 1432-1459 not unique: **2 hits**.},
      abstract     = {Meta-analyses indicate positive effects of cognitive
                      training (CT) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD),
                      however, most previous studies had small sample sizes and
                      did not evaluate long-term follow-up. Therefore, a
                      multicenter randomized controlled, single-blinded trial
                      (Train-ParC study) was conducted to examine CT effects in PD
                      patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI).
                      Immediately after CT, an enhancement of executive functions
                      was demonstrated. Here, we present the long-term results 6
                      and 12 months after CT.At baseline, 64 PD-MCI patients were
                      randomized to a multidomain CT group (n = 33) or to a
                      low-intensity physical activity training control group (PT)
                      (n = 31). Both interventions included 90 min training
                      sessions twice a week for 6 weeks. 54 patients completed
                      the 6 months (CT: n = 28, PT: n = 26) and 49 patients the
                      12 months follow-up assessment (CT: n = 25, PT: n = 24).
                      Primary study outcomes were memory and executive functioning
                      composite scores. Mixed repeated measures ANOVAs, post-hoc
                      t tests and multiple regression analyses were conducted.We
                      found a significant time x group interaction effect for the
                      memory composite score (p = 0.006, η2 = 0.214), but not for
                      the executive composite score (p = 0.967, η2 = 0.002).
                      Post-hoc t tests revealed significant verbal and nonverbal
                      memory improvements from pre-intervention to 6 months, but
                      not to 12 months follow-up assessment in the CT group. No
                      significant predictors were found for predicting memory
                      improvement after CT.This study provides Class 1 evidence
                      that multidomain CT enhances memory functioning in PD-MCI
                      after 6 months but not after 12 months, whereas executive
                      functioning did not change in the long-term.German Clinical
                      Trials Register (ID: DRKS00010186), 21.3.2016 (The study
                      registration is outlined as retrospective due to an
                      administrative delay. The first patient was enrolled three
                      months after the registration process was started. A formal
                      confirmation of this process from the German Clinical Trials
                      Register can be obtained from the authors.).},
      keywords     = {Cognition / Cognition Disorders / Cognitive Dysfunction:
                      etiology / Cognitive Dysfunction: therapy / Humans /
                      Neuropsychological Tests / Parkinson Disease: complications
                      / Parkinson Disease: therapy / Retrospective Studies /
                      Cognition (Other) / Cognitive training (Other) / Long-term
                      effects (Other) / Mild cognitive impairment (Other) /
                      Non-pharmacological intervention (Other) / Parkinson’s
                      disease (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Berg / AG Gasser 1 / Core ICRU},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000055 / I:(DE-2719)1210000 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1240005},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC8563628},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33904966},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00415-021-10568-9},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/155574},
}