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@ARTICLE{Meinhardt:155830,
      author       = {Meinhardt, Jenny and Radke, Josefine and Dittmayer, Carsten
                      and Franz, Jonas and Thomas, Carolina and Mothes, Ronja and
                      Laue, Michael and Schneider, Julia and Brünink, Sebastian
                      and Greuel, Selina and Lehmann, Malte and Hassan, Olga and
                      Aschman, Tom and Schumann, Elisa and Chua, Robert Lorenz and
                      Conrad, Christian and Eils, Roland and Stenzel, Werner and
                      Windgassen, Marc and Rößler, Larissa and Goebel,
                      Hans-Hilmar and Gelderblom, Hans R and Martin, Hubert and
                      Nitsche, Andreas and Schulz-Schaeffer, Walter J and
                      Hakroush, Samy and Winkler, Martin S and Tampe, Björn and
                      Scheibe, Franziska and Körtvélyessy, Péter and Reinhold,
                      Dirk and Siegmund, Britta and Kühl, Anja A and Elezkurtaj,
                      Sefer and Horst, David and Oesterhelweg, Lars and Tsokos,
                      Michael and Ingold-Heppner, Barbara and Stadelmann,
                      Christine and Drosten, Christian and Corman, Victor and
                      Radbruch, Helena and Heppner, Frank},
      title        = {{O}lfactory transmucosal {SARS}-{C}o{V}-2 invasion as a
                      port of central nervous system entry in individuals with
                      {COVID}-19.},
      journal      = {Nature neuroscience},
      volume       = {24},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1546-1726},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Nature America},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2021-00990},
      pages        = {168 - 175},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome
                      coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic
                      respiratory disease. Moreover, thromboembolic events
                      throughout the body, including in the CNS, have been
                      described. Given the neurological symptoms observed in a
                      large majority of individuals with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2
                      penetrance of the CNS is likely. By various means, we
                      demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and protein in
                      anatomically distinct regions of the nasopharynx and brain.
                      Furthermore, we describe the morphological changes
                      associated with infection such as thromboembolic ischemic
                      infarction of the CNS and present evidence of SARS-CoV-2
                      neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 can enter the nervous system by
                      crossing the neural-mucosal interface in olfactory mucosa,
                      exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal,
                      endothelial and nervous tissue, including delicate olfactory
                      and sensory nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 appears
                      to follow neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined
                      neuroanatomical areas including the primary respiratory and
                      cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.},
      keywords     = {Brain: virology / COVID-19: virology / Central Nervous
                      System / Humans / Olfactory Mucosa: virology / RNA, Viral:
                      genetics / SARS-CoV-2: pathogenicity / Smell: physiology /
                      Virus Internalization / RNA, Viral (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Heppner / AG Düzel},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1810007 / I:(DE-2719)5000006},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33257876},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/155830},
}