000163374 001__ 163374 000163374 005__ 20241203165108.0 000163374 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3389/fimmu.2021.720109 000163374 0247_ $$2pmid$$apmid:34367190 000163374 0247_ $$2pmc$$apmc:PMC8335157 000163374 0247_ $$2altmetric$$aaltmetric:109076153 000163374 037__ $$aDZNE-2022-00137 000163374 041__ $$aEnglish 000163374 082__ $$a610 000163374 1001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)9000620$$aKnoll, Rainer$$b0$$eFirst author$$udzne 000163374 245__ $$aMonocytes and Macrophages in COVID-19. 000163374 260__ $$aLausanne$$bFrontiers Media$$c2021 000163374 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000163374 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000163374 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1733226596_30592$$xReview Article 000163374 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000163374 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000163374 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000163374 500__ $$a(CC BY) 000163374 520__ $$aCOVID-19 is a contagious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that led to an ongoing pandemic with massive global health and socioeconomic consequences. The disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory clinical manifestations ranging from mild common cold symptoms, including cough and fever, to severe respiratory distress and multi-organ failure. Macrophages, a heterogeneous group of yolk-sac derived, tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes of complex ontogeny present in all mammalian organs, play critical roles in developmental, homeostatic and host defense processes with tissue-dependent plasticity. In case of infection, they are responsible for early pathogen recognition, initiation and resolution of inflammation, as well as repair of tissue damage. Monocytes, bone-marrow derived blood-resident phagocytes, are recruited under pathological conditions such as viral infections to the affected tissue to defend the organism against invading pathogens and to aid in efficient resolution of inflammation. Given their pivotal function in host defense and the potential danger posed by their dysregulated hyperinflammation, understanding monocyte and macrophage phenotypes in COVID-19 is key for tackling the disease's pathological mechanisms. Here, we outline current knowledge on monocytes and macrophages in homeostasis and viral infections and summarize concepts and key findings on their role in COVID-19. While monocytes in the blood of patients with moderate COVID-19 present with an inflammatory, interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)-driven phenotype, cellular dysfunction epitomized by loss of HLA-DR expression and induction of S100 alarmin expression is their dominant feature in severe disease. Pulmonary macrophages in COVID-19 derived from infiltrating inflammatory monocytes are in a hyperactivated state resulting in a detrimental loop of pro-inflammatory cytokine release and recruitment of cytotoxic effector cells thereby exacerbating tissue damage at the site of infection. 000163374 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-354$$a354 - Disease Prevention and Healthy Aging (POF4-354)$$cPOF4-354$$fPOF IV$$x0 000163374 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef, PubMed, , Journals: pub.dzne.de 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$aCOVID-19 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$aSARS-CoV-2 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$aalveolar macrophage 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$ahyperinflammation 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$amacrophage 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$amonocytes 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$ascRNA-seq 000163374 650_7 $$2Other$$aviral infection 000163374 650_7 $$2NLM Chemicals$$aHLA-DR Antigens 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCOVID-19: immunology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCOVID-19: pathology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHLA-DR Antigens: immunology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHumans 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aInflammation: immunology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aInflammation: pathology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMacrophages: immunology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMacrophages: pathology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMonocytes: immunology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMonocytes: pathology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSARS-CoV-2: immunology 000163374 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSeverity of Illness Index 000163374 693__ $$0EXP:(DE-2719)PRECISE-20190321$$5EXP:(DE-2719)PRECISE-20190321$$ePlatform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE University of Bonn$$x0 000163374 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)2811660$$aSchultze, Joachim L$$b1$$udzne 000163374 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)9001500$$aSchulte-Schrepping, Jonas$$b2$$udzne 000163374 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2606827-8$$a10.3389/fimmu.2021.720109$$gVol. 12, p. 720109$$p720109$$tFrontiers in immunology$$v12$$x1664-3224$$y2021 000163374 8564_ $$uhttps://pub.dzne.de/record/163374/files/DZNE-2022-00137.pdf$$yOpenAccess 000163374 8564_ $$uhttps://pub.dzne.de/record/163374/files/DZNE-2022-00137.pdf?subformat=pdfa$$xpdfa$$yOpenAccess 000163374 909CO $$ooai:pub.dzne.de:163374$$popenaire$$pdnbdelivery$$pdriver$$pVDB$$popen_access 000163374 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588)1065079516$$6P:(DE-2719)9000620$$aDeutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen$$b0$$kDZNE 000163374 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588)1065079516$$6P:(DE-2719)2811660$$aDeutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen$$b1$$kDZNE 000163374 9101_ $$0I:(DE-HGF)0$$6P:(DE-2719)9001500$$aExternal Institute$$b2$$kExtern 000163374 9131_ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-354$$1G:(DE-HGF)POF4-350$$2G:(DE-HGF)POF4-300$$3G:(DE-HGF)POF4$$4G:(DE-HGF)POF$$aDE-HGF$$bGesundheit$$lNeurodegenerative Diseases$$vDisease Prevention and Healthy Aging$$x0 000163374 9141_ $$y2021 000163374 915__ $$0LIC:(DE-HGF)CCBYNV$$2V:(DE-HGF)$$aCreative Commons Attribution CC BY (No Version)$$bDOAJ$$d2021-01-29 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0160$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bEssential Science Indicators$$d2021-01-29 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0113$$2StatID$$aWoS$$bScience Citation Index Expanded$$d2021-01-29 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0700$$2StatID$$aFees$$d2021-01-29 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0510$$2StatID$$aOpenAccess 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0561$$2StatID$$aArticle Processing Charges$$d2021-01-29 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0100$$2StatID$$aJCR$$bFRONT IMMUNOL : 2021$$d2022-11-23 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0200$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bSCOPUS$$d2022-11-23 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0300$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bMedline$$d2022-11-23 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0501$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bDOAJ Seal$$d2021-05-11T10:28:02Z 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0500$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bDOAJ$$d2021-05-11T10:28:02Z 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0030$$2StatID$$aPeer Review$$bDOAJ : Blind peer review$$d2021-05-11T10:28:02Z 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0199$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bClarivate Analytics Master Journal List$$d2022-11-23 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0150$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bWeb of Science Core Collection$$d2022-11-23 000163374 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)9905$$2StatID$$aIF >= 5$$bFRONT IMMUNOL : 2021$$d2022-11-23 000163374 9201_ $$0I:(DE-2719)1013038$$kAG Schultze$$lClinical Single Cell Omics (CSCO) / Systems Medicine$$x0 000163374 9201_ $$0I:(DE-2719)5000082$$kAG Aschenbrenner$$lAging and Immunity$$x1 000163374 9201_ $$0I:(DE-2719)1013031$$kPRECISE$$lPlatform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics$$x2 000163374 980__ $$ajournal 000163374 980__ $$aVDB 000163374 980__ $$aI:(DE-2719)1013038 000163374 980__ $$aI:(DE-2719)5000082 000163374 980__ $$aI:(DE-2719)1013031 000163374 980__ $$aUNRESTRICTED 000163374 9801_ $$aFullTexts