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@ARTICLE{Knoll:163374,
      author       = {Knoll, Rainer and Schultze, Joachim L and
                      Schulte-Schrepping, Jonas},
      title        = {{M}onocytes and {M}acrophages in {COVID}-19.},
      journal      = {Frontiers in immunology},
      volume       = {12},
      issn         = {1664-3224},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2022-00137},
      pages        = {720109},
      year         = {2021},
      note         = {(CC BY)},
      abstract     = {COVID-19 is a contagious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2
                      that led to an ongoing pandemic with massive global health
                      and socioeconomic consequences. The disease is characterized
                      primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory clinical
                      manifestations ranging from mild common cold symptoms,
                      including cough and fever, to severe respiratory distress
                      and multi-organ failure. Macrophages, a heterogeneous group
                      of yolk-sac derived, tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes
                      of complex ontogeny present in all mammalian organs, play
                      critical roles in developmental, homeostatic and host
                      defense processes with tissue-dependent plasticity. In case
                      of infection, they are responsible for early pathogen
                      recognition, initiation and resolution of inflammation, as
                      well as repair of tissue damage. Monocytes, bone-marrow
                      derived blood-resident phagocytes, are recruited under
                      pathological conditions such as viral infections to the
                      affected tissue to defend the organism against invading
                      pathogens and to aid in efficient resolution of
                      inflammation. Given their pivotal function in host defense
                      and the potential danger posed by their dysregulated
                      hyperinflammation, understanding monocyte and macrophage
                      phenotypes in COVID-19 is key for tackling the disease's
                      pathological mechanisms. Here, we outline current knowledge
                      on monocytes and macrophages in homeostasis and viral
                      infections and summarize concepts and key findings on their
                      role in COVID-19. While monocytes in the blood of patients
                      with moderate COVID-19 present with an inflammatory,
                      interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)-driven phenotype, cellular
                      dysfunction epitomized by loss of HLA-DR expression and
                      induction of S100 alarmin expression is their dominant
                      feature in severe disease. Pulmonary macrophages in COVID-19
                      derived from infiltrating inflammatory monocytes are in a
                      hyperactivated state resulting in a detrimental loop of
                      pro-inflammatory cytokine release and recruitment of
                      cytotoxic effector cells thereby exacerbating tissue damage
                      at the site of infection.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {COVID-19: immunology / COVID-19: pathology / HLA-DR
                      Antigens: immunology / Humans / Inflammation: immunology /
                      Inflammation: pathology / Macrophages: immunology /
                      Macrophages: pathology / Monocytes: immunology / Monocytes:
                      pathology / SARS-CoV-2: immunology / Severity of Illness
                      Index / COVID-19 (Other) / SARS-CoV-2 (Other) / alveolar
                      macrophage (Other) / hyperinflammation (Other) / macrophage
                      (Other) / monocytes (Other) / scRNA-seq (Other) / viral
                      infection (Other) / HLA-DR Antigens (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Schultze / AG Aschenbrenner / PRECISE},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1013038 / I:(DE-2719)5000082 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1013031},
      pnm          = {354 - Disease Prevention and Healthy Aging (POF4-354)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-354},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-2719)PRECISE-20190321},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:34367190},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC8335157},
      doi          = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.720109},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/163374},
}