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@ARTICLE{Domenighetti:163477,
      author       = {Domenighetti, Cloé and Sugier, Pierre-Emmanuel and
                      Sreelatha, Ashwin Ashok Kumar and Schulte, Claudia and
                      Grover, Sandeep and Mohamed, Océane and Portugal, Berta and
                      May, Patrick and Bobbili, Dheeraj R and
                      Radivojkov-Blagojevic, Milena and Lichtner, Peter and
                      Singleton, Andrew B and Hernandez, Dena Michelle Godwin and
                      Edsall, Connor and Mellick, George D and Zimprich, Alexander
                      and Pirker, Walter and Rogaeva, Ekaterina and Lang, Anthony
                      E and Koks, Sulev and Taba, Pille and Lesage, Suzanne and
                      Brice, Alexis and Corvol, Jean-Christophe and
                      Chartier-Harlin, Marie-Christine and Mutez, Eugénie and
                      Brockmann, Kathrin and Deutschländer, Angela B and
                      Hadjigeorgiou, Georges M and Dardiotis, Efthimos and
                      Stefanis, Leonidas and Simitsi, Athina Maria and Valente,
                      Enza Maria and Petrucci, Simona and Duga, Stefano and
                      Straniero, Letizia and Zecchinelli, Anna and Pezzoli, Gianni
                      and Brighina, Laura and Ferrarese, Carlo and Annesi, Grazia
                      and Quattrone, Andrea and Gagliardi, Monica and Matsuo,
                      Hirotaka and Kawamura, Yusuke and Hattori, Nobutaka and
                      Nishioka, Kenya and Chung, Sun Ju and Kim, Yun Joong and
                      Kolber, Pierre and van de Warrenburg, Bart Pc and Bloem,
                      Bastiaan R and Aasly, Jan and Toft, Mathias and Pihlstrøm,
                      Lasse and Guedes, Leonor Correia and Ferreira, Joaquim J and
                      Bardien, Soraya and Carr, Jonathan and Tolosa, Eduardo and
                      Ezquerra, Mario and Pastor, Pau and Diez-Fairen, Monica and
                      Wirdefeldt, Karin and Pedersen, Nancy L and Ran, Caroline
                      and Belin, Andrea C and Puschmann, Andreas and Hellberg,
                      Clara and Clarke, Carl E and Morrison, Karen E and Tan,
                      Manuela and Krainc, Dimitri and Burbulla, Lena F. and
                      Farrer, Matt J and Krüger, Rejko and Gasser, Thomas and
                      Sharma, Manu and Elbaz, Alexis and Genetics, Comprehensive
                      Unbiaised Risk Factor Assessment for},
      collaboration = {Disease, Environment in Parkinson’s},
      title        = {{M}endelian {R}andomisation {S}tudy of {S}moking,
                      {A}lcohol, and {C}offee {D}rinking in {R}elation to
                      {P}arkinson's {D}isease.},
      journal      = {Journal of Parkinson's Disease},
      volume       = {12},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1877-718X},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {IOS Press},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2022-00237},
      pages        = {267 - 282},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Previous studies showed that lifestyle behaviors (cigarette
                      smoking, alcohol, coffee) are inversely associated with
                      Parkinson's disease (PD). The prodromal phase of PD raises
                      the possibility that these associations may be explained by
                      reverse causation.To examine associations of lifestyle
                      behaviors with PD using two-sample Mendelian randomisation
                      (MR) and the potential for survival and incidence-prevalence
                      biases.We used summary statistics from publicly available
                      studies to estimate the association of genetic polymorphisms
                      with lifestyle behaviors, and from Courage-PD (7,369 cases,
                      7,018 controls; European ancestry) to estimate the
                      association of these variants with PD. We used the
                      inverse-variance weighted method to compute odds ratios
                      (ORIVW) of PD and $95\%confidence$ intervals (CI).
                      Significance was determined using a Bonferroni-corrected
                      significance threshold (p = 0.017).We found a significant
                      inverse association between smoking initiation and PD (ORIVW
                      per 1-SD increase in the prevalence of ever smoking = 0.74,
                      $95\%CI$ = 0.60-0.93, p = 0.009) without significant
                      directional pleiotropy. Associations in participants ≤67
                      years old and cases with disease duration ≤7 years were of
                      a similar size. No significant associations were observed
                      for alcohol and coffee drinking. In reverse MR, genetic
                      liability toward PD was not associated with smoking or
                      coffee drinking but was positively associated with alcohol
                      drinking.Our findings are in favor of an inverse association
                      between smoking and PD that is not explained by reverse
                      causation, confounding, and survival or incidence-prevalence
                      biases. Genetic liability toward PD was positively
                      associated with alcohol drinking. Conclusions on the
                      association of alcohol and coffee drinking with PD are
                      hampered by insufficient statistical power.},
      keywords     = {Aged / Alcohol Drinking: epidemiology / Alcohol Drinking:
                      genetics / Coffee / Genome-Wide Association Study / Humans /
                      Mendelian Randomization Analysis / Parkinson Disease:
                      etiology / Parkinson Disease: genetics / Risk Factors /
                      Smoking: epidemiology / Mendelian randomisation (Other) /
                      Parkinson’s disease (Other) / Smoking (Other) / alcohol
                      (Other) / coffee (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Berg ; AG Berg / AG Gasser},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000055 / I:(DE-2719)1210000},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC9211765},
      pubmed       = {pmid:34633332},
      doi          = {10.3233/JPD-212851},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/163477},
}