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@ARTICLE{Haehner:164663,
      author       = {Haehner, Antje and Chen, Ben and Espin, Melanie and
                      Haussmann, Robert and Matthes, Claudia and Desser, Dmitriy
                      and Loessner, Lorenz and Brandt, Moritz D. and Donix, Markus
                      and Hummel, Thomas},
      title        = {{T}raining with {O}dors {I}mpacts {H}ippocampal {T}hickness
                      in {P}atients with {M}ild {C}ognitive {I}mpairment},
      journal      = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease},
      volume       = {88},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1387-2877},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {IOS Press},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2022-01193},
      pages        = {743-755},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The olfactory system is affected early in Alzheimer’s
                      disease and olfactory loss can already be observed in
                      patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Olfactory
                      training is effective for improving olfactory and cognitive
                      function by stimulating the olfactory pathway, but its
                      effect on patients with MCI remains unclear.Objective:The
                      aim of this randomized, prospective, controlled, blinded
                      study was to assess whether a 4-month period of olfactory
                      training (frequent short-term sniffing various odors) may
                      have an effect on olfactory function, cognitive function,
                      and morphology of medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions and
                      olfactory bulb in MCI patients.Methods:A total of
                      thirty-seven MCI patients were randomly assigned to the
                      training group or a placebo group, which were performed
                      twice a day for 4 months. Olfactory assessments, cognitive
                      tests and magnetic resonance imaging were performed at the
                      baseline and follow-up period.Results:After the training,
                      there was an increase in odor discrimination, and increased
                      cortical thickness of bilateral hippocampus (CA23DG and CA1)
                      and mean MTL. Additionally, the change of olfactory score
                      was positively associated with change of volume of olfactory
                      bulb and hippocampus; the change of global cognition was
                      positively associated with change of cortical thickness of
                      hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and mean MTL; the change of
                      cortical thickness of entorhinal cortex was positively
                      associated with change of executive
                      function.Conclusion:Olfactory training was associated with
                      an increase in cortical thickness of the hippocampus but not
                      olfactory bulb volume in patients with MCI. Olfactory
                      training may serve as an early intervention of preventing
                      hippocampal atrophy.},
      keywords     = {Alzheimer Disease: pathology / Cognitive Dysfunction:
                      diagnostic imaging / Cognitive Dysfunction: pathology /
                      Cognitive Dysfunction: therapy / Entorhinal Cortex:
                      pathology / Hippocampus: pathology / Humans / Magnetic
                      Resonance Imaging: methods / Odorants / Prospective Studies
                      / Cortical thickness (Other) / hippocampus (Other) / mild
                      cognitive impairment (Other) / olfactory bulb (Other) /
                      olfactory training (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Donix / AG Falkenburger},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1710008 / I:(DE-2719)1710012},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:35694924},
      doi          = {10.3233/JAD-220248},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/164663},
}