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@ARTICLE{Kleineidam:169201,
      author       = {Kleineidam, Luca and Wolfsgruber, Steffen and Weyrauch,
                      Anne Sophie and Zulka, Linn E and Forstmeier, Simon and
                      Roeske, Sandra and van den Bussche, Hendrik and
                      Kaduszkiewicz, Hanna and Wiese, Birgitt and Weyerer,
                      Siegfried and Werle, Jochen and Fuchs, Angela and Pentzek,
                      Michael and Brettschneider, Christian and König,
                      Hans-Helmut and Weeg, Dagmar and Bickel, Horst and Luppa,
                      Melanie and Rodriguez, Francisca S and Freiesleben, Silka
                      Dawn and Erdogan, Selin and Unterfeld, Chantal and Peters,
                      Oliver and Spruth, Eike J and Altenstein, Slawek and Lohse,
                      Andrea and Priller, Josef and Fliessbach, Klaus and
                      Kobeleva, Xenia and Schneider, Anja and Bartels, Claudia and
                      Schott, Björn H and Wiltfang, Jens and Maier, Franziska and
                      Glanz, Wenzel and Incesoy, Enise I and Butryn, Michaela and
                      Düzel, Emrah and Bürger, Katharina and Janowitz, Daniel
                      and Ewers, Michael and Rauchmann, Boris Stephan and
                      Perneczky, Robert and Kilimann, Ingo and Görß, Doreen and
                      Teipel, Stefan and Laske, Christoph and Munk, Matthias H J
                      and Spottke, Annika and Roy, Nina and Brosseron, Frederic
                      and Heneka, Michael T and Ramirez, Alfredo and Yakupov,
                      Renat and Scherer, Martin and Maier, Wolfgang and Jessen,
                      Frank and Riedel-Heller, Steffi G and Wagner, Michael},
      title        = {{M}idlife occupational cognitive requirements protect
                      cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive
                      reserve.},
      journal      = {Frontiers in psychology},
      volume       = {13},
      issn         = {1664-1078},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2023-00080},
      pages        = {957308},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Several lifestyle factors promote protection against
                      Alzheimer's disease (AD) throughout a person's lifespan.
                      Although such protective effects have been described for
                      occupational cognitive requirements (OCR) in midlife, it is
                      currently unknown whether they are conveyed by brain
                      maintenance (BM), brain reserve (BR), or cognitive reserve
                      (CR) or a combination of them.We systematically derived
                      hypotheses for these resilience concepts and tested them in
                      the population-based AgeCoDe cohort and memory clinic-based
                      AD high-risk DELCODE study. The OCR score (OCRS) was
                      measured using job activities based on the O*NET
                      occupational classification system. Four sets of analyses
                      were conducted: (1) the interaction of OCR and APOE-ε4 with
                      regard to cognitive decline (N = 2,369, AgeCoDe), (2)
                      association with differentially shaped retrospective
                      trajectories before the onset of dementia of the Alzheimer's
                      type (DAT; N = 474, AgeCoDe), (3) cross-sectional
                      interaction of the OCR and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD
                      biomarkers and brain structural measures regarding memory
                      function (N = 873, DELCODE), and (4) cross-sectional and
                      longitudinal association of OCR with CSF AD biomarkers and
                      brain structural measures (N = 873, DELCODE).Regarding (1),
                      higher OCRS was associated with a reduced association of
                      APOE-ε4 with cognitive decline (mean follow-up = 6.03
                      years), consistent with CR and BR. Regarding (2), high OCRS
                      was associated with a later onset but subsequently stronger
                      cognitive decline in individuals converting to DAT,
                      consistent with CR. Regarding (3), higher OCRS was
                      associated with a weaker association of the CSF Aβ42/40
                      ratio and hippocampal volume with memory function,
                      consistent with CR. Regarding (4), OCR was not associated
                      with the levels or changes in CSF AD biomarkers (mean
                      follow-up = 2.61 years). We found a cross-sectional,
                      age-independent association of OCRS with some MRI markers,
                      but no association with 1-year-change. OCR was not
                      associated with the intracranial volume. These results are
                      not completely consistent with those of BR or BM.Our results
                      support the link between OCR and CR. Promoting and seeking
                      complex and stimulating work conditions in midlife could
                      therefore contribute to increased resistance to pathologies
                      in old age and might complement prevention measures aimed at
                      reducing pathology.},
      keywords     = {Alzheimer's disease (Other) / brain maintenance (Other) /
                      brain reserve (Other) / cognitive reserve (Other) / mid-life
                      cognitive demands (Other) / occupation (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Wagner / AG Rodriguez / AG Endres / AG Dirnagl / AG
                      Priller / Patient Studies Bonn / AG Klockgether / AG
                      Schneider / AG Fischer / AG Wiltfang / KAP / AG Düzel / AG
                      Dichgans / AG Teipel / Biomarker / AG Jessen / Clinical
                      Research Platform (CRP) / AG Simons / AG Gasser / Delcode},
      ddc          = {150},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1011201 / I:(DE-2719)1510900 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1811005 / I:(DE-2719)1810002 / I:(DE-2719)5000007
                      / I:(DE-2719)1011101 / I:(DE-2719)1011001 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1011305 / I:(DE-2719)1410002 / I:(DE-2719)1410006
                      / I:(DE-2719)1340013 / I:(DE-2719)5000006 /
                      I:(DE-2719)5000022 / I:(DE-2719)1510100 / I:(DE-2719)1011301
                      / I:(DE-2719)1011102 / I:(DE-2719)1011401 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1110008 / I:(DE-2719)1210000 /
                      I:(DE-2719)5000034},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353) / 352 -
                      Disease Mechanisms (POF4-352) / 351 - Brain Function
                      (POF4-351)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-352 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF4-351},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-2719)DELCODE-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:36571008},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC9773841},
      doi          = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957308},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/169201},
}