% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Bendella:258258,
      author       = {Bendella, Zeynep and Widmann, Catherine Nichols and Layer,
                      Julian Philipp and Layer, Yonah Lucas and Haase, Robert and
                      Sauer, Malte and Bieler, Luzie and Lehnen, Nils Christian
                      and Paech, Daniel and Heneka, Michael T and Radbruch,
                      Alexander and Schmeel, Frederic Carsten},
      title        = {{B}rain {V}olume {C}hanges after {COVID}-19 {C}ompared to
                      {H}ealthy {C}ontrols by {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence-{B}ased
                      {MRI} {V}olumetry.},
      journal      = {Diagnostics},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {2075-4418},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2023-00604},
      pages        = {1716},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Cohort studies that quantify volumetric brain data among
                      individuals with different levels of COVID-19 severity are
                      presently limited. It is still uncertain whether there
                      exists a potential correlation between disease severity and
                      the effects of COVID-19 on brain integrity. Our objective
                      was to assess the potential impact of COVID-19 on measured
                      brain volume in patients with asymptomatic/mild and severe
                      disease after recovery from infection, compared with healthy
                      controls, using artificial intelligence (AI)-based MRI
                      volumetry. A total of 155 participants were prospectively
                      enrolled in this IRB-approved analysis of three cohorts with
                      a mild course of COVID-19 (n = 51, MILD), a severe
                      hospitalised course (n = 48, SEV), and healthy controls (n =
                      56, CTL) all undergoing a standardised MRI protocol of the
                      brain. Automated AI-based determination of various brain
                      volumes in mL and calculation of normalised percentiles of
                      brain volume was performed with mdbrain software, using a 3D
                      T1-weighted magnetisation-prepared rapid gradient echo
                      (MPRAGE) sequence. The automatically measured brain volumes
                      and percentiles were analysed for differences between
                      groups. The estimated influence of COVID-19 and
                      demographic/clinical variables on brain volume was
                      determined using multivariate analysis. There were
                      statistically significant differences in measured brain
                      volumes and percentiles of various brain regions among
                      groups, even after the exclusion of patients undergoing
                      intensive care, with significant volume reductions in
                      COVID-19 patients, which increased with disease severity
                      (SEV > MILD > CTL) and mainly affected the supratentorial
                      grey matter, frontal and parietal lobes, and right thalamus.
                      Severe COVID-19 infection, in addition to established
                      demographic parameters such as age and sex, was a
                      significant predictor of brain volume loss upon multivariate
                      analysis. In conclusion, neocortical brain degeneration was
                      detected in patients who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2
                      infection compared to healthy controls, worsening with
                      greater initial COVID-19 severity and mainly affecting the
                      fronto-parietal brain and right thalamus, regardless of ICU
                      treatment. This suggests a direct link between COVID-19
                      infection and subsequent brain atrophy, which may have major
                      implications for clinical management and future cognitive
                      rehabilitation strategies.},
      keywords     = {COVID-19 (Other) / SARS-CoV-2 (Other) / artificial
                      intelligence (Other) / brain atrophy (Other) / magnetic
                      resonance imaging (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Radbruch / Biomarker / Clinical Research Platform (CRP)},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000075 / I:(DE-2719)1011301 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1011401},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:37238200},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC10216908},
      doi          = {10.3390/diagnostics13101716},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/258258},
}