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@ARTICLE{Rakua:258784,
      author       = {Rakuša, Elena and Fink, Anne and Tamgüney, Gültekin and
                      Heneka, Michael and Doblhammer, Gabriele},
      title        = {{S}poradic {U}se of {A}ntibiotics in {O}lder {A}dults and
                      the {R}isk of {D}ementia: {A} {N}ested {C}ase-{C}ontrol
                      {S}tudy {B}ased on {G}erman {H}ealth {C}laims {D}ata.},
      journal      = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease},
      volume       = {93},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1387-2877},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {IOS Press},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2023-00678},
      pages        = {1329 - 1339},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Antibiotics for systemic use may increase the risk of
                      neurodegeneration, yet antibiotic therapy may be able to
                      halt or mitigate an episode of neurodegenerative decline.To
                      investigate the association of sporadic use of antibiotics
                      and subsequent dementia risk (including Alzheimer's
                      disease).We used data from the largest public health
                      insurance fund in Germany, the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse
                      (AOK). Each of the 35,072 dementia cases aged 60 years and
                      older with a new dementia diagnosis during the observation
                      period from 2006 to 2018 was matched with two
                      control-patients by age, sex, and time since 2006. We ran
                      conditional logistic regression models for dementia risk in
                      terms of odds ratios (OR) as a function of antibiotic use
                      for the entire antibiotic group and for each antibiotic
                      subgroup. We controlled for comorbidities, need for
                      long-term care, hospitalizations, and nursing home
                      placement.Antibiotic use was positively associated with
                      dementia (OR = 1.18, $95\%$ confidence interval $(95\%$
                      CI):1.14-1.22), which became negative after adjustment for
                      comorbidities, at least one diagnosis of bacterial infection
                      or disease, and covariates (OR = 0.93, $95\%$ CI:0.90-0.96).
                      Subgroups of antibiotics were also negatively associated
                      with dementia after controlling for covariates:
                      tetracyclines (OR = 0.94, $95\%$ CI:0.90-0.98), beta-lactam
                      antibacterials, penicillins (OR = 0.93, $95\%$
                      CI:0.90-0.97), other beta-lactam antibacterials (OR = 0.92,
                      $95\%$ CI:0.88-0.95), macrolides, lincosamides, and
                      streptogramins (OR = 0.88, $95\%$ CI:0.85-0.92), and
                      quinolone antibacterials (OR = 0.96, $95\%$
                      CI:0.92-0.99).Our results suggest that there was a decreased
                      likelihood of dementia for preceding antibiotic use. The
                      benefits of antibiotics in reducing inflammation and thus
                      the risk of dementia need to be carefully weighed against
                      the increase in antibiotic resistance.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Middle Aged / Aged / Anti-Bacterial Agents:
                      adverse effects / Case-Control Studies / Comorbidity /
                      Dementia: drug therapy / Dementia: epidemiology / Dementia:
                      diagnosis / beta-Lactams / Alzheimer’s disease (Other) /
                      Alzheimer’s disease (Other) / antibiotics (Other) /
                      conditional logistic regression (Other) / dementia (Other) /
                      epidemiology (Other) / nested case-control studies (Other) /
                      Anti-Bacterial Agents (NLM Chemicals) / beta-Lactams (NLM
                      Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Doblhammer-Reiter},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1012002},
      pnm          = {354 - Disease Prevention and Healthy Aging (POF4-354)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-354},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:37182873},
      doi          = {10.3233/JAD-221153},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/258784},
}