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@ARTICLE{Fang:267061,
      author       = {Fang, Lei and Zhang, Bo and Li, Bingxuan and Zhang,
                      Xiangsong and Zhou, Xiaoyun and Yang, Jigang and Li, Ang and
                      Shi, Xinchong and Liu, Yuqing and Kreißl, Michael and
                      D'Ascenzo, Nicola and Xiao, Peng and Xie, Qingguo},
      title        = {{D}evelopment and evaluation of a new high-{TOF}-resolution
                      all-digital brain {PET} system.},
      journal      = {Physics in medicine and biology},
      volume       = {69},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0031-9155},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2024-00070},
      pages        = {025019},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Objective.Time-of-flight (TOF) capability and high
                      sensitivity are essential for brain-dedicated positron
                      emission tomography (PET) imaging, as they improve the
                      contrast and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enabling a
                      precise localization of functional mechanisms in the
                      different brain regions.Approach.We present a new brain PET
                      system with transverse and axial field-of-view (FOV) of 320
                      mm and 255 mm, respectively. The system head is an array of
                      6 × 6 detection elements, each consisting of a 3.9 × 3.9
                      × 20 mm3lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal coupled
                      with a 3.93 × 3.93 mm2SiPM. The SiPMs analog signals are
                      individually digitized using the multi-voltage threshold
                      (MVT) technology, employing a 1:1:1 coupling
                      configuration.Main results.The brain PET system exhibits a
                      TOF resolution of 249 ps at 5.3 kBq ml-1, an average
                      sensitivity of 22.1 cps kBq-1, and a noise equivalent count
                      rate (NECR) peak of 150.9 kcps at 8.36 kBq ml-1.
                      Furthermore, the mini-Derenzo phantom study demonstrated the
                      system's ability to distinguish rods with a diameter of 2.0
                      mm. Moreover, incorporating the TOF reconstruction algorithm
                      in an image quality phantom study optimizes the background
                      variability, resulting in reductions ranging from $44\%$ (37
                      mm) to $75\%$ (10 mm) with comparable contrast. In the human
                      brain imaging study, the SNR improved by a factor of 1.7
                      with the inclusion of TOF, increasing from 27.07 to 46.05.
                      Time-dynamic human brain imaging was performed, showing the
                      distinctive traits of cortex and thalamus uptake, as well as
                      of the arterial and venous flow with 2 s per time
                      frame.Significance.The system exhibited a good TOF
                      capability, which is coupled with the high sensitivity and
                      count rate performance based on the MVT digital sampling
                      technique. The developed TOF-enabled brain PET system opens
                      the possibility of precise kinetic brain PET imaging,
                      towards new quantitative predictive brain diagnostics.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Positron-Emission Tomography: methods / Brain:
                      diagnostic imaging / Signal-To-Noise Ratio / Phantoms,
                      Imaging / Lutetium / Silicates / 249 ps (Other) / Brain PET
                      (Other) / MVT sampling method (Other) / TOF (Other) /
                      lutetium orthosilicate (NLM Chemicals) / Lutetium (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Silicates (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {Core MR PET},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1340016},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF4-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:38100841},
      doi          = {10.1088/1361-6560/ad164d},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/267061},
}