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@ARTICLE{Radke:268524,
      author       = {Radke, Josefine and Meinhardt, Jenny and Aschman, Tom and
                      Chua, Robert Lorenz and Farztdinov, Vadim and Lukassen,
                      Sören and Ten, Foo Wei and Friebel, Ekaterina and Ishaque,
                      Naveed and Franz, Jonas and Huhle, Valerie Helena and
                      Mothes, Ronja and Peters, Kristin and Thomas, Carolina and
                      Schneeberger, Shirin and Schumann, Elisa and Kawelke, Leona
                      and Jünger, Julia and Horst, Viktor and Streit, Simon and
                      von Manitius, Regina and Körtvelyessy, Peter and Vielhaber,
                      Stefan and Reinhold, Dirk and Hauser, Anja E and Osterloh,
                      Anja and Enghard, Philipp and Ihlow, Jana and Elezkurtaj,
                      Sefer and Horst, David and Kurth, Florian and Müller,
                      Marcel A and Gassen, Nils C and Melchert, Julia and Jechow,
                      Katharina and Timmermann, Bernd and Fernandez-Zapata, Camila
                      and Böttcher, Chotima and Stenzel, Werner and Krüger, Elke
                      and Landthaler, Markus and Wyler, Emanuel and Corman, Victor
                      and Stadelmann, Christine and Ralser, Markus and Eils,
                      Roland and Heppner, Frank L and Mülleder, Michael and
                      Conrad, Christian and Radbruch, Helena},
      title        = {{P}roteomic and transcriptomic profiling of brainstem,
                      cerebellum and olfactory tissues in early- and late-phase
                      {COVID}-19.},
      journal      = {Nature neuroscience},
      volume       = {27},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1097-6256},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Nature America},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2024-00265},
      pages        = {409 - 420},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Neurological symptoms, including cognitive impairment and
                      fatigue, can occur in both the acute infection phase of
                      coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and at later stages, yet
                      the mechanisms that contribute to this remain unclear. Here
                      we profiled single-nucleus transcriptomes and proteomes of
                      brainstem tissue from deceased individuals at various stages
                      of COVID-19. We detected an inflammatory type I interferon
                      response in acute COVID-19 cases, which resolves in the late
                      disease phase. Integrating single-nucleus RNA sequencing and
                      spatial transcriptomics, we could localize two patterns of
                      reaction to severe systemic inflammation, one neuronal with
                      a direct focus on cranial nerve nuclei and a separate
                      diffuse pattern affecting the whole brainstem. The latter
                      reflects a bystander effect of the respiratory infection
                      that spreads throughout the vascular unit and alters the
                      transcriptional state of mainly oligodendrocytes, microglia
                      and astrocytes, while alterations of the brainstem nuclei
                      could reflect the connection of the immune system and the
                      central nervous system via, for example, the vagus nerve.
                      Our results indicate that even without persistence of severe
                      acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the central
                      nervous system, local immune reactions are prevailing,
                      potentially causing functional disturbances that contribute
                      to neurological complications of COVID-19.},
      keywords     = {Humans / COVID-19: genetics / Proteomics / Brain Stem /
                      Cerebellum / Gene Expression Profiling},
      cin          = {AG Heppner},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1810007},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:38366144},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41593-024-01573-y},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/268524},
}