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@ARTICLE{Riemann:271063,
      author       = {Riemann, Steffen and van Lück, Jil and
                      Rodríguez-Fornells, Antoni and Flöel, Agnes and Meinzer,
                      Marcus},
      title        = {{T}he role of frontal cortex in novel-word learning and
                      consolidation: {E}vidence from focal transcranial direct
                      current stimulation.},
      journal      = {Cortex},
      volume       = {177},
      issn         = {0010-9452},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2024-00935},
      pages        = {15 - 27},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Previous studies have demonstrated that conventional
                      transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance
                      novel-word learning. However, because of the widespread
                      current that is induced by these setups and lack of
                      appropriate control conditions, little is known about the
                      underlying neural mechanisms. In the present double-blinded
                      and sham-tDCS controlled study, we investigated for the
                      first time if regionally precise focal tDCS targeting two
                      key nodes of the novel-word learning network at different
                      time points would result in regionally and temporally
                      distinct effects. 156 participants completed a contextual
                      novel-word-learning paradigm and learning success was probed
                      immediately after the acquisition period and 30-min later.
                      Participants were randomly assigned to six stimulation
                      conditions: Active tDCS (1.5 mA) was administered to left
                      inferior frontal (IFG) or middle temporal gyrus (MTG),
                      either during acquisition or delayed recall. Control groups
                      received sham-tDCS either during acquisition or delayed
                      recall $(50\%$ IFG/MTG). Data were analyzed with a
                      generalized linear mixed model with a binomial link function
                      in a Bayesian framework. Our results showed that frontal
                      tDCS selectively increased accuracy gains from immediate to
                      delayed recall, irrespective of timing of the stimulation.
                      There was no evidence for beneficial effects of middle
                      temporal gyrus tDCS. Our findings confirm that IFG tDCS can
                      enhance novel-word learning in a regionally, but not timing
                      specific way. Tentatively, this may be explained by
                      enhancement of semantic selection processes resulting in
                      more effective consolidation and/or retrieval. Future
                      studies using longer time intervals between assessments are
                      required to clarify the potential contribution of
                      neurophysiological after-effects of IFG tDCS administered
                      during acquisition to enhanced consolidation.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: methods /
                      Male / Female / Adult / Frontal Lobe: physiology / Young
                      Adult / Learning: physiology / Double-Blind Method / Mental
                      Recall: physiology / Temporal Lobe: physiology / Memory
                      Consolidation: physiology / Inferior frontal gyrus (Other) /
                      Middle temporal gyrus (Other) / Novel word learning (Other)
                      / Regional specificity (Other) / Temporal specificity
                      (Other) / focal tDCS (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Flöel},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000081},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:38824804},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.cortex.2024.05.004},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/271063},
}