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@ARTICLE{Ludwig:272818,
      author       = {Ludwig, Mareike and Pereira, Calida and Keute, Marius and
                      Düzel, Emrah and Betts, Matthew J and Hämmerer, Dorothea},
      title        = {{E}valuating phasic transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation
                      (ta{VNS}) with pupil dilation: the importance of stimulation
                      intensity and sensory perception.},
      journal      = {Scientific reports},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2045-2322},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2024-01236},
      pages        = {24391},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {The efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve
                      stimulation (taVNS) as a non-invasive method to modulate
                      physiological markers of noradrenergic activity of the Locus
                      Coeruleus (LC), such as pupil dilation, is increasingly more
                      discussed. However, taVNS studies show high heterogeneity of
                      stimulation effects. Therefore, a taVNS setup was
                      established here to test different frequencies (10 Hz and 25
                      Hz) and intensities (3 mA and 5 mA) during phasic
                      stimulation (3 s) with time-synchronous recording of pupil
                      dilation in younger adults. Specifically, phasic real taVNS
                      and higher intensity led to increased pupil dilation, which
                      is consistent with phasic invasive VNS studies in animals.
                      The results also suggest that the influence of intensity on
                      pupil dilation may be stronger than that of frequency.
                      However, there was an attenuation of taVNS-induced pupil
                      dilation when differences in perception of sensations were
                      considered. Specifically, pupil dilation during phasic
                      stimulation increased with perceived stimulation intensity.
                      The extent to which the effect of taVNS induces pupil
                      dilation and the involvement of sensory perception in the
                      stimulation process are discussed here and require more
                      extensive research. Additionally, it is crucial to strive
                      for comparable stimulation sensations during systematic
                      parameter testing in order to investigate possible effects
                      of phasic taVNS on pupil dilation in more detail.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Vagus Nerve Stimulation: methods / Pupil:
                      physiology / Male / Adult / Female / Transcutaneous Electric
                      Nerve Stimulation: methods / Young Adult / Vagus Nerve:
                      physiology / Locus Coeruleus: physiology},
      cin          = {AG Düzel / AG Müller},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000006 / I:(DE-2719)1310003},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:39420188},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC11487125},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41598-024-72179-4},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/272818},
}