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@ARTICLE{PtterNerger:272840,
      author       = {Pötter-Nerger, Monika and Schrader, Christoph and Jost,
                      Wolfgang H and Höglinger, Günter},
      title        = {{T}he akinetic crisis in {P}arkinson's disease - the upper
                      end of a spectrum of subacute akinetic states.},
      journal      = {Journal of neural transmission},
      volume       = {131},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {0375-9245},
      address      = {Wien [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2024-01258},
      pages        = {1199 - 1207},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {The akinetic crisis is defined as an acute, potentially
                      life-threatening, levodopa-resistant, severe aggravation of
                      rigidity, severe akinesia, associated with high fever,
                      disturbance of consciousness, dysphagia and autonomic
                      symptoms often due to disruption of dopaminergic medication
                      or infections. The akinetic crisis is a relatively rare
                      event, however subacute mild-moderate motor symptom
                      deterioration in Parkinson´s disease (PD) patients is a
                      frequent cause of hospitalization. In this review, we
                      propose that the akinetic crisis is the upper end of a
                      continuous spectrum of acute akinetic states depending on
                      the degree of the progressive levodopa-resistance. Clinical
                      symptomatology, risk factors, and instrumental diagnostics
                      as the DAT-SPECT reflecting a biomarker of
                      levodopa-resistance will be discussed to evaluate the
                      spectrum of akinetic states. Pathophysiological
                      considerations about the potential role of proinflammatory
                      cytokines on the progressive levodopa-resistance will be
                      discussed and therapeutical, consensus-based guidelines will
                      be presented.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {Humans / Parkinson Disease: drug therapy / Parkinson
                      Disease: complications / Parkinson Disease: physiopathology
                      / Parkinson Disease: diagnosis / Antiparkinson Agents:
                      therapeutic use / Levodopa / Drug Resistance / Akinetic
                      crisis (Other) / Cytokines (Other) / Neuroleptic
                      malignant-like syndrome (Other) / Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia
                      syndrome (Other) / Parkinson’s disease (Other) / Risk
                      factors (Other) / Spectrum acute akinetic states (Other) /
                      Therapy (Other) / Antiparkinson Agents (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Levodopa (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Höglinger / Clinical Research (Munich)},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1110002 / I:(DE-2719)1111015},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:39153024},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC11489269},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00702-024-02817-8},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/272840},
}