% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Alaeddin:273994,
      author       = {Alaeddin, Nersi and Koch, Alexandra and Etteldorf, Rika and
                      Stingl, Julia C and Breteler, Monique M B and de Vries,
                      Folgerdiena M},
      title        = {{T}he impact of proton pump inhibitors on brain health
                      based on cross-sectional findings from the {R}hineland
                      {S}tudy.},
      journal      = {Scientific reports},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2045-2322},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2024-01429},
      pages        = {30486},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Reports linking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with
                      cognition and dementia show conflicting results, with
                      limited evidence on underlying biological mechanisms.
                      However, existing studies did not investigate brain
                      microstructure, which could provide valuable insights into
                      early structural changes indicative of cognitive decline.
                      Analyses were based on cross-sectional baseline data from
                      the Rhineland Study (n = 7,465; mean age 55.3 ± 13.7 years,
                      range 30-95 years, $56.5\%$ women). Using multivariate
                      linear regression, we investigated associations between PPI
                      use and cognition and brain macro- and microstructural
                      measures (fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity
                      (MD) as measures of white matter integrity). Analyses were
                      stratified by short-term (< 3 years) and long-term (≥ 3
                      years) PPI use, with additional age stratification (< 65
                      years; ≥65 years) for cognitive outcomes. PPI users,
                      especially younger individuals, showed poorer global
                      cognition and working memory. Notably, younger long-term
                      users had worse total memory. PPI use was not associated
                      with brain volume or FA, but both short-term and long-term
                      users showed higher MD in cognitive-related brain regions.
                      Our findings indicate that prolonged PPI use, particularly
                      in younger long-term users, is associated with poorer
                      cognitive performance. Moreover, PPI users showed higher MD,
                      indicating potential white matter integrity disruptions.
                      Further research is needed to ascertain causality and
                      underlying mechanisms behind PPI-related cognitive decline.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Proton Pump Inhibitors: adverse effects / Proton
                      Pump Inhibitors: pharmacology / Female / Middle Aged / Male
                      / Aged / Cross-Sectional Studies / Adult / Brain: drug
                      effects / Brain: diagnostic imaging / Aged, 80 and over /
                      Cognition: drug effects / White Matter: drug effects / White
                      Matter: diagnostic imaging / Diffusion Tensor Imaging /
                      Cognitive Dysfunction: chemically induced / Proton Pump
                      Inhibitors (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Breteler},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1012001},
      pnm          = {354 - Disease Prevention and Healthy Aging (POF4-354)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-354},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-2719)Rhineland Study-20190321},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC11649697},
      pubmed       = {pmid:39681582},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41598-024-81011-y},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/273994},
}