000276161 001__ 276161 000276161 005__ 20250209000726.0 000276161 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1177/17562864251313915 000276161 0247_ $$2pmid$$apmid:39845577 000276161 0247_ $$2pmc$$apmc:PMC11752197 000276161 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1756-2856 000276161 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1756-2864 000276161 0247_ $$2altmetric$$aaltmetric:173447179 000276161 037__ $$aDZNE-2025-00233 000276161 041__ $$aEnglish 000276161 082__ $$a610 000276161 1001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)2812633$$aLudolph, Albert$$b0$$eFirst author$$udzne 000276161 245__ $$aTofersen and other antisense oligonucleotides in ALS. 000276161 260__ $$aLondon [u.a.]$$bSage$$c2025 000276161 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000276161 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000276161 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1738669744_16422$$xReview Article 000276161 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000276161 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000276161 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000276161 520__ $$aThe advent of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies in neurodegenerative disorders is associated with enormous hope. Nusinersen treatment was a breakthrough intervention in the recessive disease spinal muscular atrophy, and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) seems to be the paradigm disease in dominant degenerative diseases. The results of treatment with the ASO tofersen in SOD1-ALS show that the drug has a convincing beneficial effect on ALS caused by SOD1 mutations, that preclinical studies in rodents predicted the therapeutic effect in the human disease, and that clinical efficacy is associated with a specific sequence of effects of the drug on mechanistic and degenerative biomarkers and, subsequently, functional outcomes such as weight stabilization and ALSFRS-R. Therefore, the enthusiasm seems to be justified; but this should be followed by an attempt to obtain further insights with the goal to improve this therapy. In particular, the following issues are only partially resolved: Which mechanisms are responsible for the clinical effect following the downregulation of SOD1 protein by ASOs? Is long-term downregulation of SOD1 function associated with side effects? Is there an autoimmune response caused by this and other ASO? 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