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@ARTICLE{Mhlichen:277546,
      author       = {Mühlichen, Michael and Doblhammer, Gabriele},
      title        = {{S}ocial differences in cause-specific infant mortality at
                      the dawn of the demographic transition: {N}ew insights from
                      {G}erman church records.},
      journal      = {Population and environment},
      volume       = {47},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {0146-1052},
      address      = {Dordrecht [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V.},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-00435},
      pages        = {15},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Little is known about social gradients in cause-specific
                      infant mortality in the nineteenth century. To our
                      knowledge, this is the first paper to explore this
                      connection for the time prior to the epidemiologic and
                      demographic transitions. We used the church records of
                      Rostock, an important port city on the Baltic coast in
                      northern Germany, and prepared and merged the baptismal and
                      burial registers of its largest parish (St. Jakobi) for the
                      periods 1815-1836 and 1859-1882. Based on individual-level
                      data (N = 16,880), we classified the fathers' occupations
                      into three social classes and estimated cause-specific
                      infant mortality risks for these groups using event history
                      analysis. We found a clear social gradient in neonatal and
                      post-neonatal mortality. This gradient was driven by
                      waterborne diseases and convulsions, suggesting severe
                      nutritional and sanitation deficits among the lower social
                      classes even before the city began to struggle with
                      worsening living environments following industrialisation
                      and population growth in the second half of the nineteenth
                      century. Our results also suggest that deteriorating
                      environmental conditions affect all parts of the population,
                      leading to an increase of infant mortality rates in all
                      social classes. Improvements in nutritional and sanitary
                      conditions may thus reduce the risk of infant death from
                      infectious diseases.The online version contains
                      supplementary material available at
                      10.1007/s11111-025-00483-w.},
      keywords     = {Causes of death (Other) / Germany (Other) / Neonatal and
                      post-neonatal mortality (Other) / Nineteenth century (Other)
                      / Seasonality (Other) / Social class (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Doblhammer},
      ddc          = {300},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1012002},
      pnm          = {354 - Disease Prevention and Healthy Aging (POF4-354)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-354},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40092059},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC11906567},
      doi          = {10.1007/s11111-025-00483-w},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/277546},
}