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@ARTICLE{Nchioua:277882,
      author       = {Nchioua, Rayhane and Kmiec, Dorota and Krchlikova, Veronika
                      and Mattes, Sarah and Noettger, Sabrina and Bibollet-Ruche,
                      Frederic and Russell, Ronnie M and Sparrer, Konstantin M J
                      and Charpentier, Thomas and Tardy, Frédéric and Bosinger,
                      Steven E and Sauter, Daniel and Hahn, Beatrice H and
                      Kirchhoff, Frank},
      title        = {{H}ost {ZAP} activity correlates with the levels of {C}p{G}
                      suppression in primate lentiviruses.},
      journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
                      United States of America},
      volume       = {122},
      number       = {15},
      issn         = {0027-8424},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {National Acad. of Sciences},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-00502},
      pages        = {e2419489122},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is thought to drive the
                      suppression of CpG dinucleotides in many viruses to mimic
                      the composition of their host genomes. However, in vivo
                      evidence is sparse. Here, we investigated the reasons for
                      unusually high CpG levels in SIVmus and SIVmon from
                      mustached and mona monkeys, descendants of one of the
                      precursors of HIV-1. We show that SIVmus is not resistant to
                      ZAP inhibition. Instead, these Cercopithecus monkey hosts
                      differ from other primate species by a splice site mutation
                      and express the poorly active extralarge XL rather than the
                      highly active L isoform of ZAP. Similarly, higher CpG levels
                      in endogenous prosimian lentiviruses were associated with
                      low activity of the corresponding host lemur ZAPs. In
                      addition, lemur genes also show lower CpG suppression than
                      other primates. Thus, the antiviral activity of ZAP not only
                      affects suppression of CpG dinucleotides in viral
                      transcripts but possibly also host genomes.},
      keywords     = {Animals / Humans / Dinucleoside Phosphates: metabolism /
                      Dinucleoside Phosphates: genetics / Lentiviruses, Primate:
                      genetics / Lentiviruses, Primate: metabolism / RNA-Binding
                      Proteins: metabolism / RNA-Binding Proteins: genetics /
                      Simian Immunodeficiency Virus: genetics / CpG Islands:
                      genetics / HIV-1: genetics / CpG suppression (Other) /
                      primate lentiviruses (Other) / virus-host arms race (Other)
                      / zinc-finger antiviral protein (Other) / Dinucleoside
                      Phosphates (NLM Chemicals) / RNA-Binding Proteins (NLM
                      Chemicals) / cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine (NLM Chemicals) /
                      ZC3HAV1 protein, human (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Sparrer},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1910003},
      pnm          = {351 - Brain Function (POF4-351)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-351},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40178887},
      doi          = {10.1073/pnas.2419489122},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/277882},
}