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@ARTICLE{Chen:279932,
      author       = {Chen, Xiaoli and Wei, Ziwei and Wolbers, Thomas},
      title        = {{R}epresentational similarity analysis reveals
                      cue-independent spatial representations for landmarks and
                      self-motion cues in human retrosplenial cortex},
      journal      = {Imaging neuroscience},
      volume       = {3},
      issn         = {2837-6056},
      address      = {Cambridge, MA},
      publisher    = {MIT Press},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-00863},
      pages        = {$imag_a_00516$},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {It is a fundamental question in the spatial navigation
                      literature how different spatial cues are unified to form a
                      coherent spatial map of the space. Landmarks and self-motion
                      cues are two major spatial cue types, which recruit
                      relatively independent cognitive processes that dynamically
                      interact with each other during navigation. In our previous
                      studies, we developed two novel memory-dependent paradigms
                      to contrast visual landmarks and visual self-motion cues in
                      the desktop virtual reality environment. Participants
                      visited the four test locations arranged evenly along a
                      linear track in predetermined sequences. While at each test
                      location, they performed a spatial judgment relying on
                      memory. Using ultra-high field fMRI at 7 Tesla, we found
                      that the human entorhinal cortex (EC) and retrosplenial
                      cortex (RSC) exhibited cue-specific location-based spatial
                      representations in the form of fMRI adaptation (fMRIa),
                      meaning that the closer the two successively visited
                      locations were to each other, the greater the suppression in
                      the brain activation. In the current study, we re-analyzed
                      the same fMRI datasets from our previous studies by
                      performing the representational similarity analysis (RSA),
                      an approach complementary to the fMRIa analysis in assessing
                      neural representations. RSA’s rationale is that the closer
                      two locations are to each other in the space, the more
                      similar multi-voxel patterns of brain activation they should
                      elicit. The results showed that RSC contained RSA-based
                      neural representations of spatial locations for both
                      landmarks and self-motion cues, which were overall driven by
                      subjective response (participant’s self-reported location)
                      instead of objective location (participant’s actual
                      location). These representations were generalizable between
                      the two cue types in terms of response, indicating
                      cue-independent spatial representations. Combined with our
                      previous finding of cue-specific fMRIa-based spatial
                      representations in RSC, our study demonstrates the
                      coexistence of cue-specific and cue-independent spatial
                      representations in RSC. Our findings suggest that RSC plays
                      a crucial role in unifying various spatial sensory inputs
                      into coherent spatial representations, supporting
                      memory-oriented navigation behavior.},
      cin          = {AG Wolbers},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1310002},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1162/imag_a_00516},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/279932},
}