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@ARTICLE{BracherSmith:280043,
      author       = {Bracher-Smith, Matthew and Melograna, Federico and Ulm,
                      Brittany and Bellenguez, Céline and Grenier-Boley, Benjamin
                      and Duroux, Diane and Nevado, Alejo J and Holmans, Peter and
                      Tijms, Betty M and Hulsman, Marc and de Rojas, Itziar and
                      Campos-Martin, Rafael and der Lee, Sven van and Castillo,
                      Atahualpa and Küçükali, Fahri and Peters, Oliver and
                      Schneider, Anja and Dichgans, Martin and Rujescu, Dan and
                      Scherbaum, Norbert and Deckert, Jürgen and Riedel-Heller,
                      Steffi and Hausner, Lucrezia and Molina-Porcel, Laura and
                      Düzel, Emrah and Grimmer, Timo and Wiltfang, Jens and
                      Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie and Moebus, Susanne and Tegos,
                      Thomas and Scarmeas, Nikolaos and Dols-Icardo, Oriol and
                      Moreno, Fermin and Pérez-Tur, Jordi and Bullido, María J
                      and Pastor, Pau and Sánchez-Valle, Raquel and Álvarez,
                      Victoria and Boada, Mercè and García-González, Pablo and
                      Puerta, Raquel and Mir, Pablo and Real, Luis M and
                      Piñol-Ripoll, Gerard and García-Alberca, Jose María and
                      Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Eloy and Soininen, Hilkka and
                      Heikkinen, Sami and de Mendonça, Alexandre and Mehrabian,
                      Shima and Traykov, Latchezar and Hort, Jakub and Vyhnalek,
                      Martin and Sandau, Nicolai and Thomassen, Jesper Qvist and
                      Pijnenburg, Yolande A L and Holstege, Henne and van Swieten,
                      John and Ramakers, Inez and Verhey, Frans and Scheltens,
                      Philip and Graff, Caroline and Papenberg, Goran and
                      Giedraitis, Vilmantas and Williams, Julie and Amouyel,
                      Philippe and Boland, Anne and Deleuze, Jean-François and
                      Nicolas, Gael and Dufouil, Carole and Pasquier, Florence and
                      Hanon, Olivier and Debette, Stéphanie and Grünblatt, Edna
                      and Popp, Julius and Ghidoni, Roberta and Galimberti,
                      Daniela and Arosio, Beatrice and Mecocci, Patrizia and
                      Solfrizzi, Vincenzo and Parnetti, Lucilla and Squassina,
                      Alessio and Tremolizzo, Lucio and Borroni, Barbara and
                      Wagner, Michael and Nacmias, Benedetta and Spallazzi, Marco
                      and Seripa, Davide and Rainero, Innocenzo and Daniele,
                      Antonio and Piras, Fabrizio and Masullo, Carlo and Rossi,
                      Giacomina and Jessen, Frank and Kehoe, Patrick and Magda,
                      Tsolaki and Sánchez-Juan, Pascual and Sleegers, Kristel and
                      Ingelsson, Martin and Hiltunen, Mikko and Sims, Rebecca and
                      van der Flier, Wiesje and Andreassen, Ole A and Ruiz,
                      Agustín and Ramirez, Alfredo and Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth and
                      Amin, Najaf and Roshchupkin, Gennady and Lambert,
                      Jean-Charles and Van Steen, Kristel and van Duijn, Cornelia
                      and Escott-Price, Valentina},
      collaboration = {EADB},
      othercontributors = {Jansen, Iris and van der Lee, Sven and Andrade, Victor and
                          Fernández, Victoria and Dalmasso, Maria-Carolina and
                          Kleineidam, Luca and Ahmad, Shahzad and Aarsland, Dag and
                          Cano, Amanda and Abdelnour, Carla and Alarcón-Martín,
                          Emilio and Alcolea, Daniel and Alegret, Montserrat and
                          Alvarez, Ignacio and Armstrong, Nicola J and Anthoula,
                          Tsolaki and Appollonio, Ildebrando and Arcaro, Marina and
                          Archetti, Silvana and Pastor, Alfonso Arias and Athanasiu,
                          Lavinia and Bailly, Henri and Banaj, Nerisa and Baquero,
                          Miquel and Pastor, Ana Belén and Berr, Claudine and Besse,
                          Céline and Bessi, Valentina and Binetti, Giuliano and
                          Fostinelli, Silvia and Bellini, Sonia and Bizarro,
                          Alessandra and Blesa, Rafael and Boada, Mercè and Boschi,
                          Silvia and Bossù, Paola and Bråthen, Geir and Bresner,
                          Catherine and Brodaty, Henry and Brookes, Keeley J and
                          Buiza-Rueda, Dolores and Bürger, Katharina and Burholt,
                          Vanessa and Calero, Miguel and Chene, Geneviève and
                          Carracedo, Ángel and Cecchetti, Roberta and Cervera-Carles,
                          Laura and Charbonnier, Camille and Chillotti, Caterina and
                          Ciccone, Simona and Claassen, Jurgen A H R and Clarimon,
                          Jordi and Clark, Christopher and Conti, Elisa and
                          Corma-Gómez, Anaïs and Giuffrè, Guido Maria and
                          Custodero, Carlo and Daian, Delphine and Dardiotis,
                          Efthimios and Dartigues, Jean-François and de Deyn, Peter
                          Paul and Del Ser, Teodoro and Denning, Nicola and
                          Diehl-Schmid, Janine and Diez-Fairen, Mónica and Rossi,
                          Paolo Dionigi and Djurovic, Srdjan and Duron, Emmanuelle and
                          Engelborghs, Sebastiaan and Blázquez, Josep and Ewers,
                          Michael and Fabrizio, Tagliavini and Nielsen, Sune Fallgaard
                          and Farotti, Lucia and Fenoglio, Chiara and
                          Fernández-Fuertes, Marta and Ferreira, Catarina B and
                          Ferri, Evelyn and Fin, Bertrand and Fischer, Peter and
                          Fladby, Tormod and Fließbach, Klaus and Fortea, Juan and
                          Foroud, Tatiana M and Fostinelli, Silvia and Fox, Nick C and
                          Franco-Macías, Emlio and Frank-García, Ana and Froelich,
                          Lutz and García-Alberca, Jose Maria and García-González,
                          Pablo and Garcia-Madrona, Sebastian and Garcia-Ribas,
                          Guillermo and Giegling, Ina and Giorgio, Giaccone and
                          Goldhardt, Oliver and González-Pérez, Antonio and Grande,
                          Giulia and Green, Emma and Guetta-Baranes, Tamar and
                          Haapasalo, Annakaisa and Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios and Hampel,
                          Harald and Hardy, John and Hartmann, Annette M and Leonenko,
                          Ganna and Harwood, Janet and Helisalmi, Seppo and Heneka,
                          Michael T and Hernández, Isabel and Herrmann, Martin J and
                          Hoffmann, Per and Holmes, Clive and Vilas, Raquel Huerto and
                          Hulsman, Marc and Jan Biessels, Geert and Johansson,
                          Charlotte and Kilander, Lena and Ståhlbom, Anne Kinhult and
                          Kivipelto, Miia and Koivisto, Anne and Kornhuber, Johannes
                          and Kosmidis, Mary H and Lage, Carmen and Laukka, Erika J
                          and Lauria, Alessandra and Lehtisalo, Jenni and Lerch,
                          Ondrej and Lleó, Alberto and de Munain, Adolfo Lopez and
                          Love, Seth and Löwemark, Malin and Luckcuck, Lauren and
                          Macías, Juan and MacLeod, Catherine A and Maier, Wolfgang
                          and Mangialasche, Francesca and Marco, Spallazzi and
                          Marquié, Marta and Marshall, Rachel and Montes, Angel
                          Martín and Rodríguez, Carmen Martínez and Mead, Simon and
                          Medina, Miguel and Meggy, Alun and Mendoza, Silvia and
                          Menéndez-González, Manuel and Mol, Merel and Montrreal,
                          Laura and Morgan, Kevin and Nöthen, Markus M and Ngandu,
                          Tiia and Nordestgaard, Børge G and Olaso, Robert and
                          Orellana, Adelina and Orsini, Michela and Capdevila, Maria
                          and Padovani, Alessandro and Paolo, Caffarra and
                          Martinez-Lucas, Marta and Pericard, Pierre and Pineda, Juan
                          A and Pisanu, Claudia and Polak, Thomas and Posthuma,
                          Danielle and Priller, Josef and Puerta, Raquel and Quenez,
                          Olivier and Quintela, Inés and Rábano, Alberto and
                          Reinders, Marcel J T and Riederer, Peter and Olivé, Claudia
                          and Rongve, Arvid and Allende, Irene Rosas and Rosende-Roca,
                          Maitée and Royo, Jose Luis and Rubino, Elisa and Sáez,
                          María Eugenia and Sakka, Paraskevi and Saltvedt, Ingvild
                          and García-Gutierrez, Fernando and Sánchez-Arjona, María
                          Bernal and Sanchez-Garcia, Florentino and Sánchez-Juan,
                          Pascual and Sánchez-Valle, Raquel and Sando, Sigrid B and
                          Scamosci, Michela and Scarpini, Elio and Scherer, Martin and
                          Schmid, Matthias and Schott, Jonathan M and Selbæk, Geir
                          and Shadrin, Alexey A and Skrobot, Olivia and Solomon, Alina
                          and Sorbi, Sandro and Sotolongo-Grau, Oscar and Spottke,
                          Annika and Stordal, Eystein and Miguel, Andrea and Tárraga,
                          Lluís and Tesí, Niccolo and Thalamuthu, Anbupalam and
                          Thomas, Tegos and Traykov, Latchezar and Tybjærg-Hansen,
                          Anne and Uitterlinden, Andre and Ullgren, Abbe and Ulstein,
                          Ingun and Valero, Sergi and Van Broeckhoven, Christine and
                          Van Dongen, Jasper and van Rooij, Jeroen and Vandenberghe,
                          Rik and Vidal, Jean-Sebastian and Vita, Maria Gabriella and
                          Vogelgsang, Jonathan and Wagner, Michael and Wallon, David
                          and Weinhold, Leonie and Windle, Gill and Woods, Bob and
                          Yannakoulia, Mary and Zulaica, Miren and Ghanbari, Mohsen
                          and Sachdev, Perminder and Mather, Karen and Ikram, Mohammad
                          Arfan},
      title        = {{M}achine learning in {A}lzheimer's disease genetics.},
      journal      = {Nature Communications},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2041-1723},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-00882},
      pages        = {6726},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Traditional statistical approaches have advanced our
                      understanding of the genetics of complex diseases, yet are
                      limited to linear additive models. Here we applied machine
                      learning (ML) to genome-wide data from 41,686 individuals in
                      the largest European consortium on Alzheimer's disease (AD)
                      to investigate the effectiveness of various ML algorithms in
                      replicating known findings, discovering novel loci, and
                      predicting individuals at risk. We utilised Gradient
                      Boosting Machines (GBMs), biological pathway-informed Neural
                      Networks (NNs), and Model-based Multifactor Dimensionality
                      Reduction (MB-MDR) models. ML approaches successfully
                      captured all genome-wide significant genetic variants
                      identified in the training set and $22\%$ of associations
                      from larger meta-analyses. They highlight 6 novel loci which
                      replicate in an external dataset, including variants which
                      map to ARHGAP25, LY6H, COG7, SOD1 and ZNF597. They further
                      identify novel association in AP4E1, refining the genetic
                      landscape of the known SPPL2A locus. Our results demonstrate
                      that machine learning methods can achieve predictive
                      performance comparable to classical approaches in genetic
                      epidemiology and have the potential to uncover novel loci
                      that remain undetected by traditional GWAS. These insights
                      provide a complementary avenue for advancing the
                      understanding of AD genetics.},
      keywords     = {Alzheimer Disease: genetics / Humans / Machine Learning /
                      Genome-Wide Association Study / Genetic Predisposition to
                      Disease / Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Algorithms /
                      GTPase-Activating Proteins: genetics / Neural Networks,
                      Computer / GTPase-Activating Proteins (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Peters / AG Schneider / AG Dichgans / AG Düzel / AG
                      Wiltfang / AG Wagner / AG Jessen / Patient Studies (Bonn)},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000000 / I:(DE-2719)1011305 /
                      I:(DE-2719)5000022 / I:(DE-2719)5000006 / I:(DE-2719)1410006
                      / I:(DE-2719)1011201 / I:(DE-2719)1011102 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1011101},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40691194},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41467-025-61650-z},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/280043},
}