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@ARTICLE{Glaeser:280952,
      author       = {Glaeser, Eva and Kilimann, Ingo and Platen, Moritz and
                      Hoffmann, Wolfgang and Brosseron, Frederic and Buerger,
                      Katharina and Coenjaerts, Marie and Düzel, Emrah and Ewers,
                      Michael and Fliessbach, Klaus and Frommann, Ingo and
                      Gemenetzi, Maria and Glanz, Wenzel and Hellmann-Regen,
                      Julian and Incesoy, Enise I and Janowitz, Daniel and Jessen,
                      Frank and Peters, Oliver and Priller, Josef and Ramirez,
                      Alfredo and Schneider, Anja and Spottke, Annika and Spruth,
                      Eike Jakob and Teipel, Stefan and Wagner, Michael and
                      Michalowsky, Bernhard},
      title        = {{T}he economic burden of subjective cognitive decline, mild
                      cognitive impairment and {A}lzheimer's dementia: excess
                      costs and associated clinical and risk factors.},
      journal      = {Alzheimer's research $\&$ therapy},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1758-9193},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {BioMed Central},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-01034},
      pages        = {142},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {With the availability of first disease-modifying
                      treatments, evidence on costs across the entire Alzheimer's
                      Continuum, especially for early disease stages, becomes
                      increasingly important to inform healthcare planning,
                      resource allocation, and policy decisions. This study
                      assessed costs and cost-associated factors in patients with
                      subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive
                      impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) dementia
                      compared to healthy controls.The German DELCODE cohort study
                      assessed clinical data, healthcare resource use, and
                      informal care provision. Costs were calculated from payer
                      and societal perspectives using standardized unit costs, and
                      multivariate regression analyses identified cost-associated
                      factors.From a payer perspective, costs were elevated by
                      $26\%$ for SCD (adjusted mean 5,976€ $[95\%CI$
                      4,598-7,355€]), $85\%$ for MCI (8,795€
                      [6,200-11,391€]) and $36\%$ for AD (6,454€
                      [2,796-10,111€]) compared to controls (4,754€
                      [3,586-5,922€]). Societal costs were elevated by $52\%$
                      for SCD (adjusted mean 8,377€ $[95\%CI$ 6,009-10,746€]),
                      $170\%$ for MCI (14,886€ [9,524-20,248€]) and $307\%$
                      for AD (22,481€ [9,994-34,969€]) compared to controls
                      (5,522€ [3,814-7,230€]). APOE e4 negative patients
                      showed higher costs compared to APOE e4 positive patients.
                      Hypertension was associated with higher costs.Healthcare
                      costs are already elevated in early subjective and objective
                      cognitive impairment, driven by formal and informal care.
                      The study emphasizes the importance of early interventions
                      to reduce the economic burden and delay progression.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Cognitive Dysfunction: economics / Cognitive
                      Dysfunction: epidemiology / Cognitive Dysfunction: therapy /
                      Male / Female / Alzheimer Disease: economics / Alzheimer
                      Disease: epidemiology / Alzheimer Disease: therapy / Aged /
                      Cost of Illness / Risk Factors / Health Care Costs / Aged,
                      80 and over / Germany: epidemiology / Cohort Studies /
                      Middle Aged / Alzheimer’s disease (Other) / Apolipoprotein
                      E (Other) / Cognition (Other) / Cost (Other) / Dementia
                      (Other) / Economics (Other) / Mild cognitive impairment
                      (Other) / Subjective cognitive decline (Other) / Utilization
                      (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Michalowsky / AG Hoffmann / AG Düzel / AG Jessen / AG
                      Schneider / AG Teipel / AG Wagner / AG Heneka / Clinical
                      Research (Munich) / Patient Studies (Bonn) / AG Endres / AG
                      Peters / AG Priller / AG Spottke},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000067 / I:(DE-2719)1510600 /
                      I:(DE-2719)5000006 / I:(DE-2719)1011102 / I:(DE-2719)1011305
                      / I:(DE-2719)1510100 / I:(DE-2719)1011201 /
                      I:(DE-2719)1011303 / I:(DE-2719)1111015 / I:(DE-2719)1011101
                      / I:(DE-2719)1811005 / I:(DE-2719)5000000 /
                      I:(DE-2719)5000007 / I:(DE-2719)1011103},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40571933},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC12199487},
      doi          = {10.1186/s13195-025-01785-9},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/280952},
}