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@ARTICLE{Hainke:281124,
      author       = {Hainke, Laura and Spitschan, Manuel and Priller, Josef and
                      Taylor, Paul and Dowsett, James},
      title        = {40 {H}z steady-state visually evoked potentials recovered
                      during oscillating transcranial electrical stimulation.},
      journal      = {Biomedical physics $\&$ engineering express},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {2057-1976},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-01083},
      pages        = {055031},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Background. Combining Transcranial Electrical Stimulation
                      and Visual Stimulation at the gamma frequency of 40 Hz holds
                      scientific and clinical potential, but requires concurrent
                      electrophysiological measurement to quantify neuronal
                      effects. This poses substantial methodological challenges:
                      electrical stimulation artifacts largely overshadow EEG
                      signals; gamma signals' amplitude is particularly low; and
                      oculo-muscular confounds overlap in frequency. With
                      appropriate artifact removal, we aimed to record 40 Hz
                      Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) with EEG
                      during frequency-matched electrical stimulation and explore
                      possible interactions.Methods. In three experiments (N = 25
                      healthy volunteers each), we tested if electrical and visual
                      stimulation might interact depending on which brain areas
                      are electrically stimulated or whether the respective
                      frequencies match-and, importantly, how effectively the data
                      processing pipeline can separate artifacts from genuine
                      neuronal activity. Analysing SSVEPs in the time domain, as
                      opposed to the traditional frequency domain, enabled us to
                      mitigate electrical artifacts flexibly through an adaptive
                      template subtraction approach with millisecond precision. It
                      also allowed us to extract SSVEP waveform information, in
                      addition to amplitude. Compared to previous approaches for
                      low frequencies, our algorithm has improved artifact
                      template fitting, a new interpolation feature, and refined
                      segment rejection criteria.Main Results. We successfully
                      recovered 40 Hz SSVEPs during frequency-matched electrical
                      stimulation applied to central and occipital regions. They
                      closely matched baseline SSVEPs without electrical
                      stimulation in waveform shape. A control condition (no
                      visual stimulation, only electrical) produced uncorrelated
                      low-amplitude signals, further demonstrating robust artifact
                      removal. No interactions between electrical and visual
                      stimulation were found.Significance. We demonstrated how 40
                      Hz SSVEPs can be reliably measured with EEG during
                      frequency-matched electrical brain stimulation,
                      distinguishing neuronal activity from electrical or
                      physiological confounds. This method now enables fundamental
                      and clinical researchers to combine rhythmic sensory and
                      electrical stimulation in the gamma band and concurrently
                      quantify neuronal electrophysiological effects.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Evoked Potentials, Visual: physiology / Male /
                      Female / Adult / Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation:
                      methods / Electroencephalography: methods / Artifacts /
                      Algorithms / Photic Stimulation / Young Adult / Electric
                      Stimulation / Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted /
                      electroencephalography (EEG) (Other) / flicker (Other) /
                      gamma (Other) / multimodal (Other) / non-invasive brain
                      stimulation (Other) / steady-state visually evoked potential
                      (SSVEP) (Other) / transcranial electrical stimulation
                      (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Priller},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000007},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40840482},
      doi          = {10.1088/2057-1976/adfdea},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/281124},
}