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@ARTICLE{Giesers:281867,
      author       = {Giesers, Naomi K and Schaeff, Viktoria and Gertz, Karen and
                      Endres, Matthias and Liman, Thomas G},
      title        = {{A}ssociations of {S}oluble {I}nflammatory and
                      {E}ndothelial {A}ctivation {B}iomarkers with {C}ognitive
                      {F}unction {O}ver {T}hree {Y}ears {A}fter {I}schemic
                      {S}troke-{PROSCIS}-{B}.},
      journal      = {Translational stroke research},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1868-4483},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-01238},
      pages        = {2249 - 2257},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Vascular inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of
                      post-stroke cognitive impairment. We aimed to assess whether
                      blood-based biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial
                      dysfunction, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular cell
                      adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
                      (TNF-α), are associated with cognitive function over time
                      in a prospective cohort of first-ever ischemic stroke
                      patients. Data were obtained from the Prospective Cohort
                      with Incident Stroke Berlin (NCT01363856). Cognitive
                      function was assessed with the Telephone Interview for
                      Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) at 1 to 3 years of
                      follow-up. Associations of baseline levels of IL-6, VCAM-1,
                      and TNF-α with cognitive function over time were estimated
                      using a linear mixed model adjusted for demographics,
                      education, vascular risk factors, stroke severity, ischemic
                      stroke subtype, and severity of white matter hyperintensity.
                      We included 570 patients with mild-to-moderate ischemic
                      stroke and baseline data on biomarker levels. The mean age
                      was 67 (± 12 SD), $38.6\%$ were female, and the median
                      National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was 2
                      (IQR 1-4). Frequency of cognitive impairment defined as
                      TICS-m score ≤ 31 was $21.9\%$ at year one, $15.4\%$ at
                      year two, and $11.6\%$ at year three. Higher log-transformed
                      levels of IL-6 and VCAM-1 were associated with lower TICS-m
                      scores over time in the adjusted linear mixed model
                      including white matter hyperintensity burden (IL-6: β =
                      -2.0, $95\%$ CI -3.3 to -0.7, p = 0.003; VCAM-1: β = -4.1,
                      $95\%$ CI -7.3 to -1.0, p = 0.01). In patients with
                      mild-to-moderate first-ever ischemic stroke, higher baseline
                      levels of IL-6 and VCAM-1 were associated with lower
                      Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified during 3
                      years of follow-up.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
                      NCT01363856.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Female / Male / Aged / Biomarkers: blood /
                      Ischemic Stroke: blood / Ischemic Stroke: complications /
                      Ischemic Stroke: psychology / Middle Aged / Vascular Cell
                      Adhesion Molecule-1: blood / Interleukin-6: blood /
                      Prospective Studies / Inflammation: blood / Cognition:
                      physiology / Cognitive Dysfunction: blood / Cognitive
                      Dysfunction: etiology / Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: blood /
                      Follow-Up Studies / Endothelial dysfunction (Other) /
                      Inflammation (Other) / Ischemic stroke (Other) / Post stroke
                      cognitive impairment (Other) / Biomarkers (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Interleukin-6 (NLM Chemicals) / Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
                      (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Endres},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1811005},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41057606},
      doi          = {10.1007/s12975-025-01388-4},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/281867},
}