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@ARTICLE{Teckentrup:281873,
      author       = {Teckentrup, Vanessa and Ludwig, Mareike and Seibt, Janis
                      and Hartig, Renée and Preissl, Hubert and Schuppert, Mark
                      and Avdievich, Nikolai I and Scheffler, Klaus and
                      Priovoulos, Nikos and Ehses, Maik and Poser, Benedikt A and
                      Wiggins, Christopher J and Trautner, Peter and Honerbach,
                      Walter and Jacobs, Heidi I L and Speck, Oliver and
                      Hämmerer, Dorothea and Kroemer, Nils B},
      title        = {{A}ssessing a {S}timulator {M}odification for
                      {S}imultaneous {N}oninvasive {A}uricular {V}agus {N}erve
                      {S}timulation and {MRI}.},
      journal      = {Journal of neuroimaging},
      volume       = {35},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1051-2284},
      address      = {Berlin [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-01244},
      pages        = {e70098},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {The vagus nerve can be stimulated noninvasively at the ear
                      using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation
                      (taVNS). Concurrent functional MRI (fMRI) permits study of
                      taVNS-induced changes in brain dynamics, a key requisite for
                      precision neurostimulation. However, there is no
                      standardized protocol for how to safely apply taVNS during
                      MRI. One major risk is temperature increase exceeding
                      innocuous thresholds due to coupling of the emitted radio
                      frequency (RF) pulse during imaging. Thus, we developed and
                      tested a stimulator cable configuration with floating ground
                      cable traps and filter plate connectors.We measured
                      temperature, resonance of the stimulation electrodes, and
                      current interference using unmodified and modified
                      stimulation cables. Measurements were conducted across three
                      sites using different 3T MRI scanner models, stimulators,
                      and stimulation strengths with phantoms and human
                      participants.The modified compared to the unmodified cable
                      considerably reduced RF heating as the relative temperature
                      increase stayed well below the 2 K threshold specified by
                      the ASTM F2182 standard. Additionally, in accordance with
                      ASTM 2119, we can rule out potential distortion and signal
                      loss around the electrodes due to current flow from the
                      stimulator and demonstrate that impaired image quality in
                      brainstem and midbrain regions is recovered using the
                      modified cable.We show that adding floating ground cable
                      traps to the stimulator cable allows the safe use of taVNS
                      with fMRI and may improve image quality in functional
                      imaging. To enable other researchers to modify their
                      hardware in the same way, we provide details of the
                      modifications.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {Humans / Magnetic Resonance Imaging: methods / Magnetic
                      Resonance Imaging: instrumentation / Vagus Nerve
                      Stimulation: instrumentation / Vagus Nerve Stimulation:
                      methods / Equipment Design / Phantoms, Imaging / Male /
                      Female / Adult / Vagus Nerve: physiology / Transcutaneous
                      Electric Nerve Stimulation: instrumentation / Brain:
                      physiology / Brain: diagnostic imaging / MRI (Other) / RF
                      (Other) / electrical stimulation (Other) / neuroimaging
                      (Other) / taVNS (Other) / temperature (Other) / vagus nerve
                      (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Müller / AG Düzel},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1310003 / I:(DE-2719)5000006},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41199481},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC12592781},
      doi          = {10.1111/jon.70098},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/281873},
}