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| 100 | 1 | _ | |a Herr, Thorsten |0 0009-0008-6844-1968 |b 0 |
| 245 | _ | _ | |a Effect of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on non-motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis: study protocol for a randomised, controlled trial. |
| 260 | _ | _ | |a London |c 2025 |b BMJ Publishing Group |
| 336 | 7 | _ | |a article |2 DRIVER |
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| 520 | _ | _ | |a Research in people with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (PwRRMS) is increasingly focusing on non-motor symptoms like cognitive impairment, fatigue and depression. Due to the high negative impact on quality of life and high socioeconomic costs based on these symptoms, more specific research to improve non-motor symptoms is needed. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been found to be a cognitive enhancer in preclinical research and was successfully used for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders to combat dysfunctional cognitive and affective processes. However, the capacity of taVNS to improve cognitive and other non-motor symptoms in PwRRMS has not been tested yet. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of taVNS on cognitive processing speed. Based on ample evidence demonstrating that taVNS promotes adaptive cognitive and affective processes, we hypothesised that taVNS would alleviate cognitive processing speed in PwRRMS.This study protocol describes the prospective, single-centre, SHAM-controlled, single-blinded trial with a planned sample size of 60 participants (30 PwRRMS, with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis according to McDonald criteria and 30 healthy controls; age: 18-50 years). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) will be used to determine cognitive processing speed, Beck Depression Inventory-II to determine depression and Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions to determine fatigue. The severity of multiple sclerosis will be assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. After baseline assessment, a taVNS protocol (duration: 30 min, tolerance threshold, pulse width: 250 μs, stimulation frequency: 25 Hz, 30 s on/30 s off) will be applied, followed by post-intervention assessment.The study was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee of the University Medical Centre Greifswald (study reference number: BB137/24).www.drks.de, number: DRKS00034912. Study results will be disseminated through academic conferences as well as peer-reviewed publications.DRKS00034912. |
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| 650 | _ | 7 | |a Multiple sclerosis |2 Other |
| 650 | _ | 7 | |a NEUROPHYSIOLOGY |2 Other |
| 650 | _ | 7 | |a Neurophysiology |2 Other |
| 700 | 1 | _ | |a Gamain, Julie |b 1 |
| 700 | 1 | _ | |a Strauss, S. |b 2 |
| 700 | 1 | _ | |a Szeska, C. |b 3 |
| 700 | 1 | _ | |a Flöel, Agnes |0 P:(DE-2719)2812683 |b 4 |
| 700 | 1 | _ | |a Penner, Iris-Katharina |b 5 |
| 700 | 1 | _ | |a Weymar, Mathias |0 0000-0002-3968-9656 |b 6 |
| 700 | 1 | _ | |a Grothe, M. |b 7 |
| 773 | _ | _ | |a 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103998 |g Vol. 15, no. 11, p. e103998 - |0 PERI:(DE-600)2599832-8 |n 11 |p e103998 |t BMJ open |v 15 |y 2025 |x 2044-6055 |
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