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@ARTICLE{Reisner:283029,
      author       = {Reisner, Volker and Schäfer, Theo A J and König, Leonard
                      and Kim, Misun and Doeller, Christian F},
      title        = {{L}ocomotion-dependent use of geometric and body cues in
                      humans mapping 3{D} space.},
      journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
                      United States of America},
      volume       = {122},
      number       = {51},
      issn         = {0027-8424},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {National Acad. of Sciences},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2025-01441},
      pages        = {e2505613122},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {The ability to represent locations across multiple
                      dimensions of space is a core function of cognitive maps.
                      While the influence of boundary-dependent environmental
                      geometry on spatial representations has been extensively
                      studied in 2D spaces, less is known about the role of
                      boundaries for volumetric spatial memory. Research in humans
                      and other animals has demonstrated distinct processing of
                      the vertical and horizontal spatial dimensions, likely
                      related to species-specific modes of locomotion. Here, we
                      investigate whether different locomotion modes, flying and
                      walking, affect the use of vertical boundaries, leading to
                      possibly distinct volumetric representations. In a Virtual
                      Reality experiment, human participants memorized objects
                      within a symmetric 3D enclosure, and then were asked to
                      replace them in either the familiar or geometrically
                      deformed environments. We found that the flying group
                      exhibited lower vertical than horizontal spatial memory
                      precision, whereas the walking group showed the opposite
                      pattern, an effect related to using their body axis as a
                      vertical 'ruler'. Within deformed environments, object
                      replacements in the flying group followed the predictions
                      from a 3D-extended boundary-vector-cell-like computational
                      model of spatial mapping that treated all boundaries
                      equally, whereas those in the walking condition favored a
                      modified model that prioritized the ground boundary. Our
                      findings suggest that gravity-related movement constraints
                      promote different utilization of geometric and body-related
                      cues, resulting in flexible representations of volumetric
                      space.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Cues / Male / Locomotion: physiology / Female /
                      Adult / Space Perception: physiology / Virtual Reality /
                      Walking: physiology / Spatial Memory: physiology / Young
                      Adult / 3D space (Other) / cognitive map (Other) /
                      environmental geometry (Other) / spatial memory (Other) /
                      virtual reality (Other)},
      cin          = {AG Wolbers},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1310002},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41417605},
      doi          = {10.1073/pnas.2505613122},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/283029},
}