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000283186 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/B978-0-323-90887-0.00021-3
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000283186 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a2212-4152
000283186 037__ $$aDZNE-2026-00065
000283186 041__ $$aEnglish
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000283186 1001_ $$aNeziraj, Tradite$$b0
000283186 245__ $$aImmunotherapies in progressive multiple sclerosis.
000283186 260__ $$aAmsterdam [u.a.]$$bElsevier$$c2026
000283186 29510 $$aImmunotherapies for Neurologic Diseases / ; : Elsevier, 2026, ; ISSN: 00729752 ; ISBN: 9780323908870 ; doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90887-0.00021-3
000283186 300__ $$a219 - 244
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000283186 4900_ $$aHandbook of Clinical Neurology$$v214
000283186 520__ $$aMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, with both genetic and environmental risk factors. While traditionally, a relapsing and progressive disease course has been distinguished, it has increasingly become evident that elements of progression are the dominant factor for accumulating MS-related neurologic disability across all clinical courses and can be detected throughout the full disease trajectory in patients with MS. Therefore, defining the dominant pathophysiologic processes driving progression has become indispensable. Pathologic hallmarks of progressive MS include a compartmentalized inflammation within the central nervous system as well as associated neurodegenerative processes, finally leading to neuroaxonal and synaptic loss. Growing understanding of the pathophysiology has led to the development of an increasing number of targeted immunomodulatory treatment approaches for progressive MS. With the development of novel clinical trial designs and the evolution of clinical and paraclinical measures allowing accurate and rapid assessment of progression, new opportunities for personalized treatment regimens are likely to emerge.
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000283186 650_7 $$2Other$$aB cells
000283186 650_7 $$2Other$$aImmunomodulation
000283186 650_7 $$2Other$$aInflammation
000283186 650_7 $$2Other$$aMultiple sclerosis
000283186 650_7 $$2Other$$aNeurodegeneration
000283186 650_7 $$2Other$$aPrimary progressive MS
000283186 650_7 $$2Other$$aProgression
000283186 650_7 $$2NLM Chemicals$$aImmunologic Factors
000283186 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHumans
000283186 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aImmunotherapy: methods
000283186 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMultiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive: therapy
000283186 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMultiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive: immunology
000283186 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aDisease Progression
000283186 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aImmunologic Factors: therapeutic use
000283186 7001_ $$aKappos, Ludwig$$b1
000283186 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)9003515$$aPröbstel, Anne-Katrin$$b2$$eLast author$$udzne
000283186 773__ $$a10.1016/B978-0-323-90887-0.00021-3
000283186 8564_ $$uhttps://pub.dzne.de/record/283186/files/DZNE-2026-00065_Restricted.pdf
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000283186 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588)1065079516$$6P:(DE-2719)9003515$$aDeutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen$$b2$$kDZNE
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000283186 9201_ $$0I:(DE-2719)1013045$$kAG Pröbstel$$lClinical Neurology and Neuroimmunology$$x0
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