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@INBOOK{Neziraj:283186,
      author       = {Neziraj, Tradite and Kappos, Ludwig and Pröbstel,
                      Anne-Katrin},
      title        = {{I}mmunotherapies in progressive multiple sclerosis.},
      volume       = {214},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2026-00065},
      series       = {Handbook of Clinical Neurology},
      pages        = {219 - 244},
      year         = {2026},
      comment      = {Immunotherapies for Neurologic Diseases / ; : Elsevier,
                      2026, ; ISSN: 00729752 ; ISBN: 9780323908870 ;
                      doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90887-0.00021-3},
      booktitle     = {Immunotherapies for Neurologic
                       Diseases / ; : Elsevier, 2026, ; ISSN:
                       00729752 ; ISBN: 9780323908870 ;
                       doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90887-0.00021-3},
      abstract     = {Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the
                      central nervous system, with both genetic and environmental
                      risk factors. While traditionally, a relapsing and
                      progressive disease course has been distinguished, it has
                      increasingly become evident that elements of progression are
                      the dominant factor for accumulating MS-related neurologic
                      disability across all clinical courses and can be detected
                      throughout the full disease trajectory in patients with MS.
                      Therefore, defining the dominant pathophysiologic processes
                      driving progression has become indispensable. Pathologic
                      hallmarks of progressive MS include a compartmentalized
                      inflammation within the central nervous system as well as
                      associated neurodegenerative processes, finally leading to
                      neuroaxonal and synaptic loss. Growing understanding of the
                      pathophysiology has led to the development of an increasing
                      number of targeted immunomodulatory treatment approaches for
                      progressive MS. With the development of novel clinical trial
                      designs and the evolution of clinical and paraclinical
                      measures allowing accurate and rapid assessment of
                      progression, new opportunities for personalized treatment
                      regimens are likely to emerge.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Immunotherapy: methods / Multiple Sclerosis,
                      Chronic Progressive: therapy / Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic
                      Progressive: immunology / Disease Progression / Immunologic
                      Factors: therapeutic use / B cells (Other) /
                      Immunomodulation (Other) / Inflammation (Other) / Multiple
                      sclerosis (Other) / Neurodegeneration (Other) / Primary
                      progressive MS (Other) / Progression (Other) / Immunologic
                      Factors (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Pröbstel},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1013045},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)7},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41526136},
      doi          = {10.1016/B978-0-323-90887-0.00021-3},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/283186},
}