% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Neumann:283219,
      author       = {Neumann, Timotheus Josef and Baz, Anna Magdalena and
                      Schmidt, Elena Nicola Charlotte and Bendella, Zeynep and
                      Clauberg, Ralf and Radbruch, Alexander and Pröbstel,
                      Anne-Katrin and Bischof, Antje and Möhn, Nora and
                      Wichtmann, Barbara Daria},
      title        = {{B}ildgebung neurologischer {N}ebenwirkungen unter
                      {I}mmuntherapien : {I}mmuncheckpoint-{I}nhibitoren und
                      {CAR}-{T}-{Z}ellen | {I}maging of neurological adverse
                      events associated with immunotherapies : {I}mmune checkpoint
                      inhibitors and {CAR}-{T} cells},
      journal      = {Die Radiologie},
      volume       = {66},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2731-7048},
      address      = {[Berlin]},
      publisher    = {Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2026-00068},
      pages        = {59 - 66},
      year         = {2026},
      abstract     = {Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and chimeric antigen
                      receptor T‑cell (CAR-T) therapies have fundamentally
                      transformed oncology. With their increasing use,
                      immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have gained attention,
                      including those affecting the nervous system.To describe the
                      clinical and imaging characteristics of neurological
                      immune-related adverse events (NirAEs) under ICI and CAR‑T
                      therapy, as well as their differential diagnostic and
                      therapeutic implications.Review of current literature on the
                      incidence, clinical spectrum, and imaging features of
                      NirAEs.NirAEs occur in approximately $1-6\%$ of patients
                      treated with ICIs. Common manifestations include myositis,
                      myasthenic syndromes, peripheral neuropathies, and various
                      forms of encephalitis, which may differ clinically and
                      radiologically from their idiopathic or paraneoplastic
                      counterparts. Under CAR‑T therapy, immune effector
                      cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) represents
                      the most frequent neurotoxic complication and affects about
                      $30\%$ of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the
                      imaging modality of choice but often reveals nonspecific or
                      initially unremarkable findings. A pretherapeutic baseline
                      MRI and close imaging follow-up improve diagnostic
                      interpretation and prognostic assessment. Findings must
                      always be interpreted within the clinical context and
                      through interdisciplinary collaboration.NirAEs are rare but
                      potentially life-threatening. Due to unspecific imaging
                      findings and overlapping differential diagnoses, close
                      interdisciplinary cooperation between radiology, neurology,
                      and oncology is essential. Early recognition and imaging
                      follow-up are key to improving prognosis and survival.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {Humans / Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: adverse effects /
                      Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: therapeutic use /
                      Immunotherapy, Adoptive: adverse effects / Magnetic
                      Resonance Imaging: methods / Neurotoxicity Syndromes:
                      diagnostic imaging / Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology /
                      Immunotherapy: adverse effects / Nervous System Diseases:
                      diagnostic imaging / Nervous System Diseases: chemically
                      induced / Diagnosis, Differential / Receptors, Chimeric
                      Antigen / Central and peripheral nervous system (Other) /
                      ICANS (immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity
                      syndrome) (Other) / Magnetic resonance imaging (Other) /
                      Neuroradiological diagnostics (Other) / Neurotoxicity under
                      immunotherapy (Other) / Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Receptors, Chimeric Antigen (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {AG Radbruch},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)5000075},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41348123},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00117-025-01541-y},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/283219},
}