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@ARTICLE{Runge:284044,
      author       = {Runge, Kimon and Feige, Bernd and Schiele, Miriam A and von
                      Zedtwitz, Katharina and Maier, Alexander and Stöcker, Nils
                      and Dressle, Raphael J and Baldermann, Juan C and Maier,
                      Simon J and Nickel, Kathrin and Prüss, Harald and Coenen,
                      Volker Arnd and Voderholzer, Ulrich and Domschke, Katharina
                      and Tebartz van Elst, Ludger and Endres, Dominique},
      title        = {{S}econdary obsessive-compulsive syndromes: a systematic
                      literature review resulting in 228 suspected cases.},
      journal      = {Molecular psychiatry},
      volume       = {31},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1359-4184},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2026-00079},
      pages        = {1121 - 1131},
      year         = {2026},
      abstract     = {Secondary forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have
                      clear underlying organic causes and are recognized as
                      distinct nosological entities in the latest international
                      classification systems. This study aims to provide a
                      systematic overview of published cases of suspected
                      secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes. A systematic
                      literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and
                      PsycINFO was conducted oriented on PRISMA criteria. Cases
                      from case studies/series of patients with suspected
                      secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes and/or secondary
                      obsessive-compulsive symptoms were included. Cases of
                      obsessive-compulsive symptoms due to pediatric acute-onset
                      neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) and pediatric autoimmune
                      neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal
                      infections (PANDAS) were excluded. Overall, 228 cases of
                      suspected secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes were
                      identified from 189 publications. Causal factors included
                      brain lesions $(25.4\%),$ genetic syndromes $(24.1\%),$ head
                      trauma $(12.3\%),$ autoimmune-inflammatory processes
                      $(11.8\%),$ tumors $(8.3\%),$ neurodegeneration $(7.5\%),$
                      seizures $(4.8\%),$ pathogens $(3.9\%),$ metabolic processes
                      $(1.3\%),$ or other reasons $(0.4\%).$ The age of the
                      affected patients varied considerably (mean 37.3 ± 21.2
                      years, range 4-94 years, n = 226). Diagnostic abnormalities
                      were identified through brain imaging (magnetic resonance
                      imaging/computer tomography) in $66.2\%$ of the sample and
                      via blood analysis in $23.9\%.$ In cases reporting the
                      regions of the brain involvement, frontal lobe $(34.3\%)$
                      and the basal ganglia $(26.5\%)$ were mostly affected. The
                      findings highlight a variety of suspected causes of
                      secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes, most frequently
                      brain lesions, genetic syndromes, head trauma, and
                      autoimmune-inflammatory processes. Identifying secondary
                      obsessive-compulsive symptoms informed personalized
                      therapies in a subgroup of published cases.},
      keywords     = {Adolescent / Adult / Child / Female / Humans / Male /
                      Middle Aged / Autoimmune Diseases: complications / Brain /
                      Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: etiology /
                      Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: diagnosis / Streptococcal
                      Infections},
      cin          = {AG Prüß},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1810003},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41436581},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC12815680},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41380-025-03395-1},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/284044},
}