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037 _ _ |a DZNE-2026-00079
041 _ _ |a English
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100 1 _ |a Runge, Kimon
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245 _ _ |a Secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes: a systematic literature review resulting in 228 suspected cases.
260 _ _ |a [London]
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|b Springer Nature
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520 _ _ |a Secondary forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have clear underlying organic causes and are recognized as distinct nosological entities in the latest international classification systems. This study aims to provide a systematic overview of published cases of suspected secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO was conducted oriented on PRISMA criteria. Cases from case studies/series of patients with suspected secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes and/or secondary obsessive-compulsive symptoms were included. Cases of obsessive-compulsive symptoms due to pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) were excluded. Overall, 228 cases of suspected secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes were identified from 189 publications. Causal factors included brain lesions (25.4%), genetic syndromes (24.1%), head trauma (12.3%), autoimmune-inflammatory processes (11.8%), tumors (8.3%), neurodegeneration (7.5%), seizures (4.8%), pathogens (3.9%), metabolic processes (1.3%), or other reasons (0.4%). The age of the affected patients varied considerably (mean 37.3 ± 21.2 years, range 4-94 years, n = 226). Diagnostic abnormalities were identified through brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging/computer tomography) in 66.2% of the sample and via blood analysis in 23.9%. In cases reporting the regions of the brain involvement, frontal lobe (34.3%) and the basal ganglia (26.5%) were mostly affected. The findings highlight a variety of suspected causes of secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes, most frequently brain lesions, genetic syndromes, head trauma, and autoimmune-inflammatory processes. Identifying secondary obsessive-compulsive symptoms informed personalized therapies in a subgroup of published cases.
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650 _ 2 |a Adolescent
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Adult
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Child
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650 _ 2 |a Female
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650 _ 2 |a Humans
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Male
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650 _ 2 |a Middle Aged
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650 _ 2 |a Autoimmune Diseases: complications
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650 _ 2 |a Brain
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: etiology
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: diagnosis
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Streptococcal Infections
|2 MeSH
700 1 _ |a Feige, Bernd
|0 0000-0002-9436-1258
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700 1 _ |a Schiele, Miriam A
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700 1 _ |a von Zedtwitz, Katharina
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700 1 _ |a Maier, Alexander
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700 1 _ |a Stöcker, Nils
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700 1 _ |a Dressle, Raphael J
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700 1 _ |a Baldermann, Juan C
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700 1 _ |a Maier, Simon J
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700 1 _ |a Nickel, Kathrin
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700 1 _ |a Prüss, Harald
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700 1 _ |a Coenen, Volker Arnd
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700 1 _ |a Voderholzer, Ulrich
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700 1 _ |a Domschke, Katharina
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700 1 _ |a Tebartz van Elst, Ludger
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700 1 _ |a Endres, Dominique
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773 _ _ |a 10.1038/s41380-025-03395-1
|g Vol. 31, no. 2, p. 1121 - 1131
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