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000284334 1001_ $$aVölker, Maja P$$b0
000284334 245__ $$aFrom cigarettes to symptoms: the association between smoking and depression in the German National Cohort (NAKO).
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000284334 520__ $$aAlthough the association between smoking and depression is well-established, the underlying mechanisms and contextual factors remain insufficiently understood. We examined the association between smoking and depression, including detailed dose-response and timing-related relationships, using baseline data from a large population-based cohort, the German National Cohort (NAKO).The analysis comprised 173,890 participants (19-72 years, 50.21% female). Lifetime and current depression were assessed via self-reported physician's diagnosis, the Major Depressive Disorder module of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and the depression scale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Smoking behavior was assessed using self-reported smoking status, age at initiation, cigarettes per day, and time since smoking cessation. Associations between smoking and depression measures were analyzed using regression models adjusted for sex, age, age², education, Body Mass Index, and alcohol consumption.Lifetime depression was more prevalent among individuals who currently or formerly smoked compared to those who never smoked. Currently smoking individuals also reported most current depressive symptoms, followed by formerly smoking individuals and those who never smoked. A dose-response relationship was observed, with more cigarettes per day being associated with more current depressive symptoms. Later age at smoking initiation was associated with later depression onset. Time since smoking cessation was positively associated with time since last depressive episode and negatively with current depressive symptoms.Our findings support an association between smoking and depression. Robust dose-response relationships were found, with higher cigarette consumption associated with more severe depressive symptoms, and longer time since cessation linked to lower depression levels. These results highlight smoking as a meaningful and modifiable contributor to current and lifetime depression, suggesting that quitting smoking or reducing cigarette consumption may benefit mental health. Early prevention of smoking initiation, along with integrated approaches that combine smoking cessation support with mental health care, may help reduce both smoking rates and depression burden.
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000284334 650_7 $$2Other$$aAge of onset
000284334 650_7 $$2Other$$aCigarette smoking
000284334 650_7 $$2Other$$aDepressive disorder
000284334 650_7 $$2Other$$aSmoking cessation
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHumans
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aFemale
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMale
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aAdult
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aGermany: epidemiology
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aMiddle Aged
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aAged
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSmoking: epidemiology
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSmoking: psychology
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aDepression: epidemiology
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCohort Studies
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aYoung Adult
000284334 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aPrevalence
000284334 7001_ $$aCallies, Carolin M$$b1
000284334 7001_ $$aFrank, Josef$$b2
000284334 7001_ $$aFoo, Jerome C$$b3
000284334 7001_ $$aReinhard, Iris$$b4
000284334 7001_ $$aZillich, Lea$$b5
000284334 7001_ $$aKlinger-König, Johanna$$b6
000284334 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)2811781$$aGrabe, Hans$$b7$$udzne
000284334 7001_ $$aBeule, Achim G$$b8
000284334 7001_ $$aErhardt-Lehmann, Angelika$$b9
000284334 7001_ $$aPabst, Alexander$$b10
000284334 7001_ $$aRiedel-Heller, Steffi G$$b11
000284334 7001_ $$aBaune, Bernhard T$$b12
000284334 7001_ $$aTrenkwalder, Claudia$$b13
000284334 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)2000057$$aWagner, Michael$$b14$$udzne
000284334 7001_ $$aKrist, Lilian$$b15
000284334 7001_ $$aKeil, Thomas$$b16
000284334 7001_ $$aPischon, Tobias$$b17
000284334 7001_ $$aNimptsch, Katharina$$b18
000284334 7001_ $$aSchulze, Matthias B$$b19
000284334 7001_ $$aSchmidt, Börge$$b20
000284334 7001_ $$aMikolajczyk, Rafael$$b21
000284334 7001_ $$aObi, Nadia$$b22
000284334 7001_ $$aHarth, Volker$$b23
000284334 7001_ $$aKlett-Tammen, Carolina J$$b24
000284334 7001_ $$aBecher, Heiko$$b25
000284334 7001_ $$aGreiser, Karin H$$b26
000284334 7001_ $$aKarch, André$$b27
000284334 7001_ $$aSchipf, Sabine$$b28
000284334 7001_ $$aMeinke-Franze, Claudia$$b29
000284334 7001_ $$aBohmann, Patricia$$b30
000284334 7001_ $$aLeitzmann, Michael$$b31
000284334 7001_ $$aBrenner, Hermann$$b32
000284334 7001_ $$aMons, Ute$$b33
000284334 7001_ $$aSchwarz, Emanuel$$b34
000284334 7001_ $$aBerger, Klaus$$b35
000284334 7001_ $$aMata, Jutta$$b36
000284334 7001_ $$aWitt, Stephanie H$$b37
000284334 7001_ $$aStreit, Fabian$$b38
000284334 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2041338-5$$a10.1186/s12889-025-25959-0$$gVol. 26, no. 1, p. 301$$n1$$p301$$tBMC public health$$v26$$x1471-2458$$y2025
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